Sensor-based human authorization evaluation

ABSTRACT

A resource-access management system detects whether a user is authorized to access resources. The system may include a user device being configured to include a sensor that detects sensor data associated with the user. Further, the system includes a client qualification engine that determines whether or not a client is authorized to access the resources by comparing the sensor data with a plurality of patterns for evaluating whether or not the user is an authorized user. User scores are generated based on the compared sensor data and the plurality of patterns. Further, a composite score corresponding to the user is generated using the sensor data, plurality of patterns, and one or more additional criteria. Whether the user is granted access to the resources, presented with unauthorized user tests, or blocked from access to the resources depends on the composite score and threshold values.

This application claims the benefit of and is a non-provisional ofco-pending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/020,787 filed onJul. 3, 2014, which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in itsentirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Users attempting to access products or rights to a reservation via awebsite may be presented with a CAPTCHA (Completely Automated PublicTuring test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) test during the processof accessing the item. Specifically, before accessing the item, the userhas to successfully respond to an inquiry. However, the CAPTCHA test maycause inconvenience to the user because the test increases the timerequired to access the item and is often difficult to answer. Further,when the user provides responses to the inquiries of the CAPTCHA test,users may fail the test by accidentally or unintentionally providing anincorrect response to the test. Users may be blocked from accessing theitem, even if the user has successfully accessed the item in the past.

In addition, with increasing frequency, human users have been assistingbot users in accessing a large portion of available resources on behalfof the bot user, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the CAPTCHAtests. For instance, CAPTCHA tests may be outsourced to countries wherehuman users respond to the CAPTCHA inquiries on behalf of the bot user.Moreover, the result of the CAPTCHA test may not clearly indicatewhether the user is a human or a bot. Lastly, if a bot user were tosuccessfully satisfy the CAPTCHA test, the bot user would be allowed toaccess the item even though the bot user is unauthorized to do so.

SUMMARY

In many instances, a resource management system may need to assesswhether or not a user requesting access to a resource stored in theresource management system is authorized to access the resource. Forexample, bot scripts can be run by a stationary computer and need notreceive user input during a transaction. Further, bot scripts may beprogrammed to access high-demand resources on a much quicker basis thana human user, thereby preventing human users from access to thehigh-demand resources. The resources accessed by the bot scripts maysubsequently be used in an unauthorized manner. Accordingly, exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure provide a robust detection ofwhether or not a user is authorized to access a resource using a sensordata associated with a user device in order to prevent access to theresource by unauthorized users.

In some embodiments, a resource-access management system for selectivelygranting access to resources based on sensor data obtained by sensors isprovided, the system including: a user device that receives, from auser, a request to access one or more resources. The user device may beconfigured to include a processor that communicates with at least onesensor, the at least one sensor may detect sensor data associated withthe user, and the detected sensor data may be stored on the user device.Further, the resource-access management system includes an accessmanagement system that manages an availability of the one or moreresources, the access management system being configured to include: anagent characterizer. The agent characterizer may be configured to accessthe detected sensor data stored on the user device and access aplurality of patterns, each pattern of the plurality of patterns being acriteria for evaluating the sensor data. The plurality of patterns mayinclude a first pattern for determining whether or an extent to whichthe detected sensor data corresponds to a human, and a second patternfor determining whether or an extent to which the detected sensor datacorresponds to a bot user. The agent characterizer may perform a firstcomparison between the accessed sensor data and the first pattern and asecond comparison between the accessed sensor data and the secondpattern, and may compute a first score for the first comparison and asecond score for the second comparison. Moreover, the agentcharacterizer may identify one or more additional criteria forevaluating whether the user device is authorized to access the one ormore resources, evaluate information relating to the user device and theone or more additional criteria, generate an evaluation result based onthe evaluated information, and compute a composite score correspondingto the user device, based on the first score, second score, andevaluation result.

In some embodiments, the resource-access management system may include avirtual test engine configured to determine whether or not to present anunauthorized user test, based on the computed composite score.

Additionally, when the composite score is equal to or less than a firstthreshold value, the agent characterizer may generate a firstcharacterization result indicating that the user device is authorized toaccess the one or more resources. Further, when the composite scoreexceeds the first threshold and is equal to or less than a secondthreshold, the agent characterizer may generate a secondcharacterization result indicating that additional tests are required todetermine whether the user device is authorized to access the one ormore resources. Moreover, when the composite score exceeds the secondthreshold, the agent characterizer may generate a third characterizationresult indicating that the user device is not authorized to access theone or more resources.

According to other embodiments, the one or more additional criteria mayinclude a criteria for evaluating a predetermined number of previouslytransmitted requests to access the one or more resources. Thepredetermined number of previously transmitted requests may betransmitted by the user via the user device, and the criteria forevaluating the predetermined number of previously transmitted requestsmay evaluate a number of instances of the predetermined number ofpreviously transmitted requests where the user device was characterizedas being unauthorized to access the resources.

The one or more additional criteria may include a criteria forevaluating a predetermined number of previously transmitted requests toaccess the one or more resources. The predetermined number of previouslytransmitted requests may be transmitted by the user via the user device,and the criteria for evaluating the predetermined number of previouslytransmitted requests may evaluate a number of instances of thepredetermined number of previously transmitted requests where the userdevice was characterized as being authorized to access the resources.

The one or more additional criteria may include a criteria forevaluating a geographical location of the user device based on thesensor data associated with the user.

Additionally, the agent characterizer may evaluate a geographicallocation of previously detected users characterized as beingunauthorized to access the one or more resources. When the geographicallocation of the user device matches the geographical location of thepreviously detected users characterized as being unauthorized, the agentcharacterizer may generate the third characterization result indicatingthat the user device is not authorized to access the one or moreresources.

In some embodiments, the agent characterizer may evaluate a geographicallocation of previously detected users characterized as beingunauthorized to access the one or more resources. When the geographicallocation of the user device matches the geographical location of thepreviously detected users characterized as being unauthorized, the agentcharacterizer may generate the second characterization result indicatingthat additional tests are required to determine whether the user deviceis authorized to access the one or more resources.

In addition, when the agent characterizer generates the firstcharacterization result, the virtual testing engine may determine thatthe unauthorized user test is not to be presented.

Further, when the agent characterizer generates the secondcharacterization result, the virtual testing engine may determine thatthe unauthorized user test is to be presented.

When the agent characterizer generates the second characterizationresult, the virtual testing engine may determine that the unauthorizeduser test is to be presented.

In some embodiments, a resource management system for selectivelygranting access to resources may be provided, the resource managementsystem including: a resource storage configured to store one or moreitems of resources; a client qualification engine configured to:

receive a request to access the one or more items of the resources, therequest originating for a user device operated by a user, access sensordata associated with the user operating the user device, and evaluatethe sensor data to determine whether or not the user operating the userdevice is authorized to access the one or more items; and a queue bufferto store a plurality of requests to access the one or more items in apredetermined order. The plurality of requests may originate from aplurality of user devices, and the queue buffer may store a firstrequest of the plurality of requests when the client qualificationengine determines that the user operating the user device is authorizedto access the one or more items. Further, the queue buffer may not storea second request of the plurality of requests to access the one or moreitems when the client qualification engine determines that the useroperating the user device is not authorized to access the one or moreitems.

Additionally, the resource-access management system may further includea resource request controller configured to receive the request toaccess the one or more resources from the queue buffer, retrieve aparameter relating to the request to access the one or more resourcesfrom the resource store, and dynamically adjusting the parameterrelating to the request.

In other embodiments, a resource management method for dynamicallygranting access to resources is provided, the resource management methodincluding: detecting, at a resource management system, a first requestto access one or more resources stored in the resource managementsystem, the first request being transmitted by a first user operating afirst user device, and the first user device being configured to includeat least one first sensor detecting first sensor data associated withthe first user; and accessing the sensor data associated with the firstuser. Further the resource management method may include evaluatingwhether the first user is authorized to access the one or more resourcesbased on the sensor data associated with the first user; denying access,by the first user device, to the one or more resources when the firstuser is determined not to be authorized to access the one or moreresources; and detecting, at the resource management system, a secondrequest to access the one or more resources. The second request may betransmitted by a second user operating a second user device, and thesecond user device may be configured to include at least one secondsensor detecting second sensor data associated with the second user.Further, the resource management method may include evaluating whether afirst parameter of the first request corresponds to a second parameterof the second request. When the parameter of the second requestcorresponds to the parameter of the first request, grouping the firstuser and the second user, and when the first user and the second userare grouped, determining that the second user is not authorized toaccess the one or more resources.

In some embodiments, the parameter of the first request corresponds to ageographical location of the first user device, and the parameter of thesecond request corresponds to a geographical location of the second userdevice.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the parameter of the first requestcorresponds to an internet protocol (IP) address of the first userdevice, and the parameter of the second request corresponds to an IPaddress of the second user device.

In some embodiments, a method for selectively conditioning presentationof resource opportunities based on sensor data is provided, the methodincluding: detecting, at a resource management system, a requestpertaining to one or more items of resources, the request havingoriginated at a user device operated by a user, the user device beingconfigured to include a display and a processor that communicates withat least one sensor, the at least one sensor detecting sensor dataassociated with the user, the detected sensor data being stored on theuser device; and receiving the sensor data stored in the user device.Further, the method may include evaluating the sensor data andgenerating an agent-characterization result based on theagent-characterization result, the agent-characterization result beingindicative of whether or an extent to which a characteristic of thesensor data corresponds to a human-user characteristic; and determining,based on the agent-characterization result, whether an unauthorized usertest is to be displayed on the display of the user device. When it isdetermined that the unauthorized user test is to be displayed on thedisplay of the user device: the method may display the unauthorized usertest; receive a response to the unauthorized user test; and process theresponse to the unauthorized user test to determine whether a satisfyingcriterion is satisfied. When it is determined that an unauthorized usertest is not to be displayed or that the satisfying criterion issatisfied, authorizing the user operating the user device to access theone or more items of resources.

The determining of whether the unauthorized user test is to be displayedmay include identifying one or more unauthorized user tests to bedisplayed on the display of the user device;

identifying one or more test-satisfying criteria, the identification ofthe one or more test-satisfying criteria or the identification of theone or more unauthorized user tests being based on the sensor data;displaying the one or more unauthorized user tests; receiving one ormore responses to the one or more unauthorized user tests; andprocessing the one or more responses to determine whether the one ormore satisfying criteria are satisfied. Further, when it is determinedthat the one or more satisfying criteria are satisfied, an item ofresource may be authorized to be electronically accessed via the userdevice.

In some embodiments, the identifying of the one or more unauthorizeduser tests is based on the sensor data and includes determining a numberof unauthorized user tests to present based on the sensor data.

In some embodiments, the method may further include: processing the oneor more responses and the sensor data to identify a degree of electronicaccess to authorize for the user device; and authorizing resources to beelectronically accessed in accordance with the identified degree ofelectronic access via the user device.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the identifying of the one or moreunauthorized user tests is based on the sensor data and includesdetermining a level of difficulty of the unauthorized user tests todisplay based on the sensor data, the level of difficulty correspondingto a difficulty level associated with a bot user successfully satisfyingthe unauthorized user tests.

In some embodiments, the method may further include: monitoringmeasurements from the at least one sensor in the user device during aperiod of time; and determining a template sensor-data characteristicbased on the measurements.

Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will becomeapparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It shouldbe understood that the detailed description and specific examples, whileindicating various embodiments, are intended for purposes ofillustration only and are not intended to necessarily limit the scope ofthe disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is described in conjunction with the appendedfigures:

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a resource management system;

FIG. 2 is an illustration explaining a problem experienced by resourceproviders when allowing users to access resources;

FIG. 3 illustrates levels of access to resources provided by a resourcemanagement system, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a resource managementsystem, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates example components of a device;

FIG. 6 illustrates example components of resource access coordinatormodule;

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process forassigning access rights for resources;

FIG. 8 shows an illustration of a communication exchange betweencomponents involved in a resource access-facilitating interaction systemaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates example components of a resource management systemaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates example components of an embodiment of a sitesystem;

FIG. 11 illustrates example components of a client qualification engineaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates example components of an agent characterizeraccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate example components of exemplary user devicesaccording to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 14 illustrates example components of another exemplary user deviceaccording to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for usingsensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized user tests;

FIGS. 16A-16C are swim lane diagrams illustrating an embodiment of aprocess for using sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorizeduser tests;

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating another embodiment of a process forusing sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized user tests;

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating yet another embodiment of a processfor using sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized usertests;

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating yet another embodiment of a processfor using sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized usertests; and

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating yet another embodiment of a processfor using sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized usertests.

In the appended figures, similar components and/or features can have thesame reference label. Further, various components of the same type canbe distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a secondlabel that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the firstreference label is used in the specification, the description isapplicable to any one of the similar components having the same firstreference label irrespective of the second reference label.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary embodiment(s) onlyand is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configurationof the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferredexemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with anenabling description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment.It is understood that various changes can be made in the function andarrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope asset forth in the appended claims.

Referring first to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the resource managementsystem 100 is shown connected with various users 110, 120, 130, 140,150, 160, 170, and 180. The various users 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,170, and 180 may each connect with the resources management system 100in order to access an item or items of a resource controlled by theresource management system 100. Further, the resource management system100 controls whether or not the various users 110, 120, 130, 140, 150,160, 170, and 180 are granted access to the resources. The various users110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, and 180 may access the resourcemanagement system 100 using mobile apps, web sites, call centers, venuebox offices, application program interfaces (APIs), etc.

Mobile phone users 110 may include users who connect with the resourcemanagement system 100 using a mobile phone. For example, mobile phoneusers 110 may use a smartphone to connect to the resource managementsystem 100 via a web browser displayed on a display of the smartphone,which facilitates a webpage for accessing the item or items of theresources. In-person users 120 may connect with the resource managementsystem 100 by visiting a box office to access the item or items. Desktopcomputer users 130 may use a desktop computer to connect to the resourcemanagement system 100 via a web browser, which facilitates a webpage foraccessing the item or items of the resources. Tablet users 140 may use atablet device to connect with the resource management system 100 via aweb browser displayed on a display of the tablet device, whichfacilitates a webpage for accessing the item or items of the resources.Portable device users 160 may use portable and/or handheld electronicdevices, which are configured with an Internet connection, to connect tothe resource management system 100 via a browser displayed on a displayof the portable electronic device, which facilitates a webpage foraccessing the item of items of the resources. The portable and/orhandheld electronic devices may include, for example, personal digitalassistant (PDA) devices. Laptop users 170 may use laptop computers toconnect to the resource management system 100 via a browser displayed ona display of the laptop computer, which facilitates a webpage foraccessing the item or items of the resources. Lastly, intermediatesystem users 180 may include brokers, group accessors, and/or wholesaleaccessors who access the items in a primary environment and controlaccess to the rights to the items in a secondary environment. Forexample, the intermediate system users 180 may grant access to therights to the items accessed in the primary environment to various users110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, and 180 in a secondary environment.The intermediate system users 180 may connect to the resource managementsystem 100 to access the resources using any of the means discussedabove.

In some cases, bot users 150 connect to the resource management system100 to access the resources. Bot users 150 may use a server or serverfarm storing software, apps or scripts that automatically access allavailable items of resources without the need for user input by a human.Typically, bot users 150 access or reserve the available items in anabusive manner by accessing a large portion of available items andproviding rights to the reserved items to other users, therebypreventing fans (e.g. human users) from accessing the items directlyfrom the resource management system 100. That is, bot users 150 do notaccess the resources in order to attend the event, whereas, fans andhuman users typically access the resources in order to attend the event.Further, the apps or scripts used by the bot users 150 may transmitrequests to access the item or items via, for example, a webpage, atspeeds not possible by human users.

FIG. 2 is an illustration explaining a problem experienced by resourceproviders when allowing users to access resources. In particular, FIG. 2illustrates a building 200 including a main stage 210. For example, thebuilding 200 may be a structure in which an event is hosted. As anotherexample, the building 200 may host an on-stage performance. For example,the event may relate to sports or music. The building 200 may be anylocation (open air or closed) at which an event is taking place. Thebuilding 200 may also be a large lot of land where attendees stand inthe direction of a main stage 210.

In addition, the building 200 may include the main stage 210 and aplurality of rows. The plurality of rows may include a first row 220,which is directly in front of the main stage 210. A first fan 230 maysit in the first row 220 at the building 200. At a given event, forexample, the first section 240 may be the most popular because the firstsection 240 includes an area with the best view of the main stage 210.

However, bot users 150 may be programmed to access all of the availablerights to sit in the first section 240. As such, the fans, such as humanusers, etc., may not be successful in sitting in the first section 240because the rights to sit in the first section 240 were already reservedby the bot users 150. Bot users 150 may then provide access to sit inthe first section 240 to other users in a secondary environment.

FIG. 3 illustrates different levels of access to resources provided by aresource management system 100, according to an embodiment of theinvention. In order to prevent bot users from accessing resourcescontrolled by the resource management system 100, the resourcemanagement system 100 may determine whether or not a particular user isauthorized to access the resources before granting the user access toreserve the item or items of the resource. If the resource managementsystem 100 determines that the user requesting access to resource isauthorized, then the resource management system 100 may grant the useraccess to the resource so that the user can access or reserve the itemor items of the resource.

For example, mobile phone user 110-A may transmit a request to theresource management system 100 to be granted access to the resources.The resource management system 100 may determine that the mobile phoneuser 110-A is authorized to access the resources, and may subsequentlygrant to the mobile phone user 110-A access to the resources controlledby the resource management system 100. As another example, an in-personuser 120 may visit a box office and may request access to the resourcescontrolled by the resource management system 100. The in-person user 120may be granted access to the resource by paying the cost of the resourceto the box office, and subsequently receiving rights to the resource atthat time or later, and in electronic form or in paper form.Additionally, a desktop computer user 130-A may request access to theresources controlled by the resource management system 100 via a webpagedisplayed on a screen of the desktop computer. Upon determining that thedesktop computer user 130-A is authorized to access the resources, theresource management system 100 may grant access to the desktop computeruser 130-A in an electronic form (e.g., by sending an email to thedesktop computer user 130-A containing a link to the access rights), orin a paper form (e.g., by sending a paper form of the access rights tothe resources). Accordingly, the resource management system 100 maygrant access 310 to authorized users 300 so that the authorized users300 may access the item or items of the resources. The authorized users300 may include mobile phone user 110-A, in-person user 120, and desktopcomputer user 130-A. Additionally, other users, not shown in FIG. 3, mayalso be authorized users. For example, any of the various users 110,120, 130, 140, 160, 170, and 180, or other users not shown in FIG. 1,may be authorized to access to the resources.

In addition, the resource management system 100 may also determine thatany of the various users 110, 120, 130, 140, 160, 170, and 180 is notauthorized to access the resources. That is, the resource managementsystem 100 may determine that a user, other than the bot user 150, isnot authorized to access the resources. For example, when mobile phoneuser 110-B requests access to the resources, the resource managementsystem 100 may determine that mobile phone user 110-B is associated witha bot user 150. When the resource management system 100 determines thatthe mobile phone user 110-B is associated with a bot user 150, theresource management system may deny the mobile phone user 110-B accessto the resources. Similarly, as another example, desktop computer user130-B may request access from the resource management system 100. Theresource management system 100 may determine that the desktop computeruser 130-B is associated with a bot user 150, and upon thisdetermination, the resource management system may deny or block thedesktop computer user 130-B's access to the resources. Additionally, asdiscussed above, the resource management system may detect that a userrequesting access to the resources is a bot user 150, and accordingly,deny or block the bot user's access to the resources. Accordingly, theresource management system 100 may deny or block access 320 tounauthorized users 330 so that the unauthorized users 330 may beprevented from accessing (e.g., reserving) the item or items of theresources. The unauthorized users 330 may include mobile phone user110-B, desktop computer user 130-B, and bot user 150. Additionally,other users, not shown in FIG. 3, may also be unauthorized users. Forexample, any of the various users 110, 120, 130, 140, 160, 170, and 180,or other users not shown in FIG. 1, may not be authorized to access tothe resources, and thus, may be denied or blocked from access to theresources. The manner in which the resource management system 100determines whether or not a user is authorized to access the resourcesis discussed in detail with the description of at least FIGS. 9, 11-12,and 15-20.

FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a resource managementsystem 100, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Mobiledevice A 410 (which can be operated by a user 405) and an event-providerdevice 420 (which can be operated, controlled, or used by an eventprovider 415) can communicate with an access management system 485directly or via another system (e.g., via an intermediate system 450).Mobile device A may transmit data to access point 445, which isconnected to network 455, over communication channel 440 using antennae435. While FIG. 4 illustrates mobile device A 410 communicating withaccess point 445 using a wireless connection (e.g., communicationchannel 440), in some embodiments, mobile device A 410 may alsocommunicate with access point 445 using a wired connection (e.g., anEthernet connection). Mobile device A 410 can also communicate with oneor more client devices, such as a client agent device 470 operated by aclient agent 475, a client register 460 or a client point device 465using a wired or wireless connection. In addition, using the accessmanagement system 485, an event provider 115 can identify an event, aparameter of attending the event, a date or dates of the event, alocation or locations of the event, etc. Each inter-system communicationcan occur over one or more networks 455 and can facilitate transmissionof a variety of types of data. It will be understood that, although onlyone of various systems, devices, entities and network are shown, theresource management system 100 can be extended to include multiple ofany given system(s), device(s), entity(ies), and/or networks. Sitesystem 480 is described further with the description of FIG. 10 andprovides user integration services at locations associated withresources and associated access rights.

Access management system 485 can be configured to manage a dynamic setof access rights to one or more resources. More specifically, accessmanagement system 485 can track which resources are to be made availableto users, specifications of the resources and times at which they willbe available. Access management system 485 can also allocate accessrights for resources and facilitate transmissions of notifications ofthe available rights to a set of user devices. For example, accessmanagement system 485 can alert users of the availability via a website,app page or email. As another example, access management system cantransmit data about access rights and resources to one or moreintermediate systems 450, which can facilitate distribution ofaccess-right availability and processing of requests for such rights.

Notifications of available access rights can be accompanied by optionsto request that one or more access rights be assigned to a user.Therefore, user 405 can provide input to mobile device A 410 via aninterface to request such assignment and provide other pertinentinformation. Intermediate system 450 and/or access management system 485can process the request to ensure that the requested access right(s)remain available and that all required information has been receivedand, in some instances, verified. Thereafter, access management system485 can assign one or more access rights to the user, e.g., matching theaccess rights requested by the user.

Assigning an access right can include, for example, associating anidentifier of the right with an identifier of a user, changing a statusof the right from available to assigned, facilitating a cease innotifications that the access right is available, generating anaccess-enabling code to use such that the corresponding access will bepermitted and/or generating a notification to be received at mobiledevice A 410 confirming the assignment and/or including data requiredfor corresponding access to be permitted.

In some instances, a resource is at least partly controlled, by aclient. The resource may be accessed at a particular location orstructure, and a variety of client devices may be present at thelocation so as to facilitate usage of an access right. Exemplary clientdevices can include client agent device 470, which can be one operatedby a client agent 475 (e.g., a human client agent), a client register460 (e.g., which can operate independently of an agent and/or can beconnected to or include a device that, while in a locked mode, canimpede resource access, such as a turnstile) and client point device 465(e.g., which can operate independently of an agent and/or can bepositioned at or around the resource-associated location. For example,in some instances client agent device 470 can be operated by an agent ata location for a resource that is an event (“event resource”) takingplace at the location. In this example, client agent device 470 is usedby an agent that is manning an entrance to the location (e.g., which caninclude, for example, a location of a structure or a geographic region)or a part thereof; client register 460 can be or can be connected to aturnstile, gate or lockable door that is positioned along a perimeter orentrance to a resource-associated location or part thereof; and clientpoint device 465 can be an electronic device positioned at or within aresource-associated location.

In some instances, mobile device A 410 performs particular functionsupon detecting a client device and/or the contrary. For example, mobiledevice A 410 may locally retrieve or request (e.g., from an externalsource) an access-enabling code. The access-enabling code can betransmitted to the client device or a remote server (e.g., a serverhosting access management system 120) for evaluation and/or can belocally evaluated. The evaluation can include, for example, confirmingthat the access-enabling code has a particular characteristic or format(e.g., generally or one characteristic corresponding to a particularresource or type of access), matches one in an access-enabling code datastore and/or has not been previously redeemed. A result of theevaluation can be locally displayed at an evaluating device, can controla device component (e.g., a physical access control module), and/or canbe transmitted to another device, such as mobile device A 410.

In some instances, user 405 can use multiple mobile devices 410 toperform various operations (e.g., using one device to request an accessright and another to interact with client devices). Some instances ofmobile device 410, access management system 485, intermediate system450, client agent device 470, client register 460 and/or client pointdevice 465 can include a portable electronic device (e.g., a smartphone, tablet, laptop computer or smart wearable device) or anon-portable electronic device (e.g., one or more desktop computers,servers and/or processors).

In exemplary embodiments, access rights can be represented in datamaintained at a client device or at access management system 485. Forexample, a database or data store include a list of identifiers for eachuser or user device having an assigned access right for a resource orassociating an identifier for each user or user device with anidentifier of a particular access right. In some instances, an indiciacan be transmitted to a user device that indicates that an access rightis availed. In various instances, it may permitted or prohibited for theindicia to be transferred. The indicia may be provided as part of anelectronic or physical object (e.g., a right to access an event) orindependently. The indicia may include an access-enabling code.

In some instances, access management system 485 communicates with one ormore intermediate systems 450, each of which may be controlled by adifferent entity as compared to an entity controlling access managementsystem 485. For example, access management system 485 may assign accessrights to an intermediate systems 450 (e.g., upon acceptance of terms).Intermediate system 450 can then collect data pertaining to the assignedaccess rights and/or a corresponding event, can format and/or edit thedata, generate a notification of availability of the access rights thatincludes the formatted and/or edited data and facilitate presentation ofthe notification at a mobile device A 410. When intermediate system 450receives a communication from the mobile device A 410 indicative of anaccess-right request, intermediate system 450 can facilitate assignment(or reassignment) of an access right to the user (e.g., by transmittingrelevant information to access management system 485 identifying theuser and/or user device and/or by transmitting relevant information tomobile device A 410 pertaining to the access right).

A resource can include one managed or provided by a client, such as aperforming entity or an entity operating a venue. A mobile device A 110can transmit data corresponding to the access right (e.g., anaccess-enabling code) to a client device upon, for example, detectingthe client device, detecting that a location of the mobile device A 410is within a prescribed geographical region, or detecting particularinput. The receiving client device may include, for example, a clientagent device 470 operated at an entrance of a defined geographicallocation or a client register 460 that includes or is attached to alocking turnstile. The client device can then analyze the code toconfirm its validity and applicability for a particular resource and/oraccess type, and admittance to the event can be accordingly permitted.For example, a turnstile may change from a locked to an unlocked modeupon confirmation of the code's validity and applicability.

Each of the depicted devices and/or systems may include a software agentor application (“app”) that, when executed, performs one or more actionsas described herein. In some instances, a software agent or app on onedevice is, at least in part, complementary to a software agent or app onanother device (e.g., such that a software agent or app on mobile deviceA 410 is, at least in part, complementary to at least part of one onaccess management system 485 and/or a client device; and/or such that asoftware agent or app on intermediate system 450 is, at least in part,complementary to at least part of one on access management system 485).

In some instances, a network in the one or more networks 455 can includean open network, such as the Internet, personal area network, local areanetwork (LAN), campus area network (CAN), metropolitan area network(MAN), wide area network (WAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), aprivate network, such as an intranet, extranet, or other backbone. Insome instances, a network in the one or more networks 455 includes ashort-range communication channel, such as Bluetooth or Bluetooth LowEnergy channel. Communicating using a short-range communication such asBLE channel can provide advantages such as consuming less power, beingable to communicate across moderate distances, being able to detectlevels of proximity, achieving high-level security based on encryptionand short ranges, and not requiring pairing for inter-devicecommunications.

In one embodiment, communications between two or more systems and/ordevices can be achieved by a secure communications protocol, such assecure sockets layer (SSL), transport layer security (TLS). In addition,data and/or transactional details may be encrypted based on anyconvenient, known, or to be developed manner, such as, but not limitedto, DES, Triple DES, RSA, Blowfish, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),CAST-128, CAST-256, Decorrelated Fast Cipher (DFC), Tiny EncryptionAlgorithm (TEA), eXtended TEA (XTEA), Corrected Block TEA (XXTEA),and/or RC5, etc.

It will be appreciated that, while a variety of devices and systems areshown in FIG. 1, in some instances, resource management system 100 caninclude fewer devices and/or systems. Further, some systems and/ordevices can be combined. For example, a client agent device 470 may alsoserve as an access management system 485 or intermediate system 450 soas to as to facilitate assignment of access rights.

As described in further detail herein, an interaction between mobiledevice A 110 and a client device (e.g., client agent device 470, clientregister 460 or client point device 165) can facilitate, for example,verification that user 405 has a valid and applicable access right,obtaining an assignment of an access right, and/or obtaining anassignment of an upgraded access right.

In addition, mobile device B 430, which is operated by user B 425, mayinclude a user device which is located at a stadium or concert hallduring an event. Mobile device B 430 may directly interact with a clientdevice (e.g., client agent device 470, client register 460 or clientpoint device 165), which is also located at the stadium or concert hallduring the event. As such, the access management system 485 may beupdated or accessed by mobile device B 430 via the client agent device470. For example, mobile device B 430 may communicate with the clientagent device 470 over a short-range communication channel 490, such asBluetooth or Bluetooth Low Energy channel, Near Field Communication(NFC), Wi-Fi, RFID, Zigbee, ANT, etc. Communicating using a short-rangecommunication such as BLE channel can provide advantages such asconsuming less power, being able to communicate across moderatedistances, being able to detect levels of proximity, achievinghigh-level security based on encryption and short ranges, and notrequiring pairing for inter-device communications. After the short rangecommunication link 490 is established, mobile device B 430 maycommunicate with the access management system 485 and access the item oritems of resources. That is, while mobile device B is configured tocommunicate over network 455, mobile device B 430 may communicate withthe access management system 485 via the client agent device 470,instead of the network 455.

FIG. 5 illustrates example components of a device 500, such as a clientdevice (e.g., client agent device 470, client register 460 and/or clientpoint device 465), an intermediate system (e.g., intermediate system(s)450) and/or an access management system (e.g., access management system485) according to an embodiment of the invention.

The components can include one or more modules that can be installed ondevice 500. Modules can include some or all of the following: a networkinterface module 502 (which can operate in a link layer of a protocolstack), a message processor module 504 (which can operate in an IP layerof a protocol stack), a communications manager module 506 (which canoperate in a transport layer of a protocol stack), a communicationsconfigure module 508 (which can operate in a transport and/or IP layerin a protocol stack), a communications rules provider module 510 (whichcan operate in a transport and/or IP layer in a protocol stack),application modules 512 (which can operate in an application layer of aprotocol stack), a physical access control module 532 and one or moreenvironmental sensors 534.

Network interface module 502 receives and transmits messages via one ormore hardware components that provide a link-layer interconnect. Thehardware component(s) can include, for example, RF antenna 503 or a port(e.g., Ethernet port) and supporting circuitry. In some embodiments,network interface module 502 can be configured to support wirelesscommunication, e.g., using Wi Fi (IEEE 802.11 family standards),Bluetooth® (a family of standards promulgated by Bluetooth SIG, Inc.),BLE, or near-field communication (implementing the ISO/IEC 18092standards or the like).

RF antenna 503 can be configured to convert electric signals into radioand/or magnetic signals (e.g., to radio waves) to transmit to anotherdevice and/or to receive radio and/or magnetic signals and convert themto electric signals. RF antenna 503 can be tuned to operate within aparticular frequency band. In some instances, a device includes multipleantennas, and the antennas can be, for example, physically separated. Insome instances, antennas differ with respect to radiation patterns,polarizations, take-off angle gain and/or tuning bands. RF interfacemodule 502 can include one or more phase shifters, filters, attenuators,amplifiers, switches and/or other components to demodulate receivedsignals, coordinate signal transmission and/or facilitate high-qualitysignal transmission and receipt.

In some instances, network interface module 502 includes a virtualnetwork interface, so as to enable the device to utilize an intermediatedevice for signal transmission or reception. For example, networkinterface module 502 can include VPN software.

Network interface module 502 and one or more antennas 503 can beconfigured to transmit and receive signals over one or more connectiontypes. For example, network interface module 202 and one or moreantennas 203 can be configured to transmit and receive WiFi signals,cellular signals, Bluetooth signals, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) signals,Zigbee signals, or Near-Field Communication (NFC) signals.

Message processor module 504 can coordinate communication with otherelectronic devices or systems, such as one or more servers or a userdevice. In one instance, message processor module 504 is able tocommunicate using a plurality of protocols (e.g., any known, futureand/or convenient protocol such as, but not limited to, XML, SMS, MMS,and/or email, etc.). Message processor module 504 may further optionallyserialize incoming and/or outgoing messages and facilitate queuing ofincoming and outgoing message traffic.

Message processor module 504 can perform functions of an IP layer in anetwork protocol stack. For example, in some instances, messageprocessor module 504 can format data packets or segments, combine datapacket fragments, fragment data packets and/or identify destinationapplications and/or device addresses. For example, message processormodule 504 can defragment and analyze an incoming message to determinewhether it is to be forwarded to another device and, if so, can addressand fragment the message before sending it to the network interfacemodule 502 to be transmitted. As another example, message processormodule 504 can defragment and analyze an incoming message to identify adestination application that is to receive the message and can thendirect the message (e.g., via a transport layer) to the application.

Communications manager module 506 can implement transport-layerfunctions. For example, communications manager module 506 can identify atransport protocol for an outgoing message (e.g., transmission controlprotocol (TCP) or user diagram protocol (UDP)) and appropriatelyencapsulate the message into transport protocol data units. Messageprocessor module 504 can initiate establishment of connections betweendevices, monitor transmissions failures, control data transmission ratesand monitoring transmission quality. As another example, communicationsmanager module 506 can read a header of an incoming message to identifyan application layer protocol to receive the message's data. The datacan be separated from the header and sent to the appropriateapplication. Message processor module 504 can also monitor the qualityof incoming messages and/or detect out of order incoming packets.

In some instances, characteristics of message-receipt ormessage-transmission quality can be used to identify a health status ofan established communications link. In some instances, communicationsmanager module 506 can be configured to detect signals indicating thehealth status of an established communications link (e.g., a periodicsignal from the other device system, which if received without dropouts,indicates a healthy link).

In some instances, a communication configurer module 508 is provided totrack attributes of another system so as to facilitate establishment ofa communication session. In one embodiment, communication configurermodule 508 further ensures that inter-device communications areconducted in accordance with the identified communication attributesand/or rules. Communication configurer module 508 can maintain anupdated record of the communication attributes of one or more devices orsystems. In one embodiment, communications configurer module 508 ensuresthat communications manager module 506 can deliver the payload providedby message processor module 504 to the destination (e.g., by ensuringthat the correct protocol corresponding to the client system is used).

A communications rules provider module 510 can implement one or morecommunication rules that relate to details of signal transmissions orreceipt. For example, a rule may specify or constrain a protocol to beused, a transmission time, a type of link or connection to be used, adestination device, and/or a number of destination devices. A rule maybe generally applicable or conditionally applicable (e.g., only applyingfor messages corresponding to a particular app, during a particular timeof day, while a device is in a particular geographical region, when ausage of a local device resource exceeds a threshold, etc.). Forexample, a rule can identify a technique for selecting between a set ofpotential destination devices based on attributes of the set ofpotential destination devices as tracked by communication configuremodule 316. To illustrate, a device having a short response latency maybe selected as a destination device. As another example, communicationsrules provider 510 can maintain associations between various devices orsystems and resources. Thus, messages corresponding to particularresources can be selectively transmitted to destinations having accessto such resources.

A variety of application modules 512 can be configured to initiatemessage transmission, process incoming transmissions, facilitateselective granting of resource access, facilitate processing of requestsfor resource access, and/or performing other functions. In the instancedepicted in FIG. 5, application modules 512 include an auto-updatermodule 514, a resource access coordinator module 516, and/or a codeverification module 518.

Auto-updater module 514 automatically updates stored data and/or agentsoftware based on recent changes to resource utilization, availabilityor schedules and/or updates to software or protocols. Such updates canbe pushed from another device (e.g., upon detecting a change in aresource availability or access permit) or can be received in responseto a request sent by device 500. For example, device 500 can transmit asignal to another device that identifies a particular resource, and aresponsive signal can identify availabilities of access to the resource(e.g., available seat reservations for a sporting event or concert). Asanother example, device 500 can transmit a signal that includes anaccess access-enabling code, and a responsive signal can indicatewhether the code is applicable for access of a particular resourceand/or is valid.

In some instances, auto-updater module 514 is configured to enable theagent software to understand new, messages, commands, and/or protocols,based on a system configuration/change initiated on another device.Auto-updater module 514 may also install new or updated software toprovide support and/or enhancements, based on a system configurationchange detected on device 500. System configuration changes that wouldnecessitate changes to the agent software can include, but are notlimited to, a software/hardware upgrade, a security upgrade, a routerconfiguration change, a change in security settings, etc. For example,if auto-updater module 514 determines that a communication link withanother device has been lost for a pre-determined time period,auto-updater module 514 can obtain system configuration information tohelp re-establish the communication link. Such information may includenew settings/configurations on one or more hardware devices or new orupgraded software on or connected to device 500. Thus, auto-updatermodule 514 can detect or be informed by other software when there is anew version of agent software with additional functionality and/ordeficiency/bug corrections or when there is a change with respect to thesoftware, hardware, communications channel, etc.), and perform updatesaccordingly.

Based on the newly obtained system configuration for device 500,auto-updater module 514 can cause a new communication link to bere-established with another device. In one embodiment, uponestablishment of the communication link, system configurationinformation about device 500 can also be provided to another device tofacilitate the connection to or downloading of software to device 500.

In one embodiment, when a poor health signal is detected by anotherdevice (e.g., when the health signal is only sporadically received butthe communication link is not necessarily lost), the other device cansend a command to auto-updater module 514 to instruct auto-updatermodule 514 to obtain system configuration information about device 500.The updated system configuration information may be used in an attemptto revive the unhealthy communications link (e.g., by resending aresource request). For example, code can utilize appropriate systemcalls for the operating system to fix or reestablish communications. Byway of example and not limitation, model and driver information isoptionally obtained for routers in the system in order querying them. Byway of further example, if the code determines that a new brand ofrouter has been installed, it can adapt to that change, or to the changein network configuration, or other changes.

Instead or in addition, the host server (e.g., via communicationsmanager 506) can send specific instructions to auto-updater module 514to specify tests or checks to be performed on device 500 to determinethe changes to the system configurations (e.g., by automaticallyperforming or requesting a check of system hardware and/or software).For example, the components involved in the chain of hops through anetwork can be queried and analyzed. Thus, for example, if a new ISP(Internet service provider) is being used and the management systemtraffic is being filtered, or a new router was installed and thesoftware needs to change its configuration, or if someone made a changeto the operating system that affects port the management system is usingto communicate, the management system (or operator) can communicate withthe ISP, change it back, or choose from a new available port,respectively.

The specific tests may be necessary to help establish the communicationlink, if, for example, the automatic tests fail to provide sufficientinformation for the communication link to be re-established, ifadditional information is needed about a particular configurationchange, and/or if the client system is not initially supported by theauto-updater module 514, etc.

Auto-updater module 514 can also receive signals identifying updatespertaining to current or future availability of resources and/or accesspermits. Based on the signals, auto-updater module 514 can modify, addto or delete stored data pertaining to resource availabilities, resourceschedules and/or valid access permits. For example, upon receiving anupdate signal, auto-updater 514 can modify data stored in one or moredata stores 522, such as a user detail data store 524, resourcespecification data store 526, resource status data store 528 and/oraccess-enabling code data store 530.

User details store 524 can store data for entities, such asadministrators, intermediate-system agents and/or users. The user detaildata can include login information (e.g., username and password),identifying information (e.g., name, residential address, phone number,email address, age and/or gender), professional information (e.g.,occupation, affiliation and/or professional position), preferences(e.g., regarding event types, performers, seating areas, and/or resourcetypes), access data (e.g., reflecting dates, parameters and/or items ofpast accesses) and/or other data. The user detail data can also oralternatively include technical data, such a particular entity can beassociated with one or more device types, IP addresses, browseridentifier and/or operating system identifier).

Resource specification data store 526 can store specification datacharacterizing each of one or more resources. For example, specificationdata for a resource can include a processing power, available memory,operating system, compatibility, device type, processor usage, powerstatus, device model, number of processor cores, types of memories, dateand time of availability, a performing entity, a venue of the eventand/or a set of seats (e.g., a chart or list). Specification data canfurther identify, for example, a cost for each of one or more accessrights.

Resource status data store 528 can store status data reflecting whichresources are available (or unavailable), thereby indicating whichresources have one or more open assignments. In some instances, thestatus data can include schedule information about when a resource isavailable. Status data can include information identifying an entity whorequested, reserved or was assigned a resource. In some instances,status information can indicate that a resource is being held orreserved and may identify an entity associated with the hold or reserveand/or a time at which the hold or reservation will be released.

Access-enabling code data store 530 can store access-enabling code datathat includes one or more codes and/or other information that can beused to indicate that an entity is authorized to use, have or receive aresource. An access-enabling code can include, for example, a numericstring, an alphanumeric string, a text string, a 1-dimensional code, a2-dimensional code, a barcode, a quick response (QR) code, an image, astatic code and/or a temporally dynamic code. An access-enabling codecan be, for example, unique across all instances, resource types and/orentities. For example, access-enabling codes provided in associationwith rights to access a particular event can be unique relative to eachother. In some instances, at least part of a code identifies a resourceor specification of a resource. For example, for a right to access aconcert, various portions of a code may reflect: a performing entity,resource location, date, section and access-permitted locationidentifier.

One or more of data stores 524, 526, 528, and 530 can be a relationaldata store, such that elements in one data store can be referencedwithin another data store. For example, resource status data store 228can associate an identifier of a particular access right with anidentifier of a particular entity. Additional information about theentity can then be retrieved by looking up the entity identifier in userdetail data store 524.

Updates to data stores 524, 526, 528, and 530 facilitated and/orinitiated by auto-updater module 514 can improve cross-device dataconsistency. Resource access coordinator module 216 can coordinateresource access by, for example, generating and distributingidentifications of resource availabilities; processing requests forresource access; handling competing requests for resource access; and/orreceiving and responding to resource-accessing objectives.

FIG. 6 illustrates example components of resource access coordinatormodule 516 that may operate, at least in part, at an access managementsystem (e.g., access management system) according to an embodiment ofthe invention. A resource specification engine 602 can identify one ormore available resources. For example, resource specification engine 602can detect input that identifies a current or future availability of anew resource.

Resource specification engine 602 can identify one or morespecifications of each of one or more resources. A specification caninclude an availability time period. For example, resource specificationengine 602 can determine that a resource is available, for example, at aparticular date and time (e.g., as identified based on input), for atime period (e.g., a start to end time), as identified in the input,and/or from a time of initial identification until another inputindicating that the resource is unavailable is detected. A specificationcan also or alternatively include a location (e.g., a geographiclocation and/or venue) of the resource. A specification can also oralternatively include one or more parties associated with the resource(e.g., performing acts or teams). Resource specification engine 602 canstore the specifications in association with an identifier of theresource in resource specifications data store 526.

A resource-access allocation engine 604 can allocate access rights forindividual resources. An access right can serve to provide an associatedentity with the right or a priority to access a resource. Because (forexample) association of an access right with an entity can, in someinstances, be conditioned on authorization thereof, an allocated accessright can be initially unassociated with particular entities (e.g.,users). For example, an allocated right can correspond to one or moreaccess characteristics, such as an processor identifier, a usage time, amemory allocation, and/or a geographic location (e.g., section or seatidentifier). For an allocated access right, resource-access allocationengine 604 can store an identifier of the right in resource statusesdata store 528 in association with an identifier for the resource and anindication that it has not yet been assigned to a particular entity.

A communication engine 606 can facilitate communicating the availabilityof the resource access rights to users. In some instances, a publisherengine 608 generates a presentation that identifies a resource andindicates that access rights are available. Initially or in response touser interaction with the presentation, the presentation can identifyaccess characteristics about available access rights. The presentationcan include, for example, a chart that identifies available accessrights for an event. Publisher engine 608 can distribute thepresentation via, for example, a website, app page, email and/ormessage. The presentation can be further configured to enable a user torequest assignments of one or more access rights.

In some instances, an distribution system coordination engine 610 canfacilitate transmission of information about resource availability(e.g., resource specifications and characteristics of resource-accessrights) to one or more intermediate systems (e.g., by generating one ormore messages that include such information and/or facilitatingpublishing such information via a website or app page). Each of the oneor more intermediate systems can publish information about the resourceand accept requests for resource access. In some instances, distributionsystem coordination engine 610 identifies different access rights asbeing available to individual intermediate systems to coordinateassignment. For example, access rights for seats in Section 1 may beprovided for a first intermediate system to assign, and access rightsfor seats in Section 2 may be provided to a second intermediate systemto assign.

In some instances, overlapping access rights are made available tomultiple intermediate systems to coordinate assignments. For example,some or all of a first set of resource rights (e.g., corresponding to asection) may be provided to first and second intermediate systems. Insuch instances, distribution system coordination engine 610 can respondto a communication from a first intermediate system indicating that arequest has been received (e.g., and processed) for an access right inthe set) by sending a notification to one or more other intermediatesystems that indicates that the access right is to be at leasttemporarily (or entirely) made unavailable.

Intermediate system coordination engine 610 can monitor communicationchannels with intermediate systems to track the health and security ofthe channel. For example, a healthy connection can be inferred whenscheduled signals are consistently received. Further, intermediatesystem coordination engine 610 can track configurations of intermediatesystems (e.g., via communications generated at the intermediate systemsvia a software agent that identifies such configurations) so as toinfluence code generation, communication format, and/or provisions oraccess rights.

Thus, either via a presentation facilitated by publisher engine 608(e.g., via a web site or app page) or via communication with anintermediate system, a request for assignment of an access right can bereceived. A request management engine 612 can process the request.Processing the request can include determining whether all otherrequired information has been received, such as user-identifyinginformation (e.g., name), access-right identifying information (e.g.,identifying a resource and/or access-right characteristic) user contactinformation (e.g., address, phone number, and/or email address), and/oruser device information (e.g., type of device, device identifier, and/orIP address).

When all required information has not been received, request managementengine 612 can facilitate collection of the information (e.g., via awebpage, app page or communication to an intermediate system). Requestmanagement engine 612 can also or alternatively collect predeterminedinformation, determine that the predetermined information has beenreceived, obtain authorization, determine that authorization hasoccurred (e.g., via an intermediate system), collect the predeterminedinformation, and/or determine that the fee has been collected. Forexample, publisher engine 608 may receive fee parameters (e.g., creditcard information) via a webpage, and request management engine 612 canrequest authorization for a portion of the requested access rights. Insome instances, fee assessments are performed subsequent to at leasttemporary assignments of access rights. In some instances, requestmanagement engine 612 retrieves data from a user profile. For example,publisher engine 608 may indicate that a request for an access right hasbeen received while a user was logged into a particular profile. Requestmanagement engine 612 may then retrieve, for example, contactinformation, device information, and/or preferences and/or feeinformation associated with the profile from user detail store 524.

In some instances, request management engine 612 prioritizes requests,such as requests for overlapping, similar or same access rights (e.g.,requests for access rights associated with a same section) receivedwithin a defined time period. The prioritization can be based on, forexample, times at which requests were received (e.g., prioritizingearlier requests), a request parameter (e.g., prioritizing requests fora higher or lower number of access rights above others), whetherrequests were received via an intermediate system (e.g., prioritizingsuch requests lower than others), intermediate systems associated withrequests (e.g., based on rankings of the systems), whether requests wereassociated with users having established profiles, and/or whetherrequests were associated with inputs indicative of a bot initiating therequest (e.g., shorter inter-click intervals, failed CAPTCHA tests,access history departing from a human profile).

Upon determining that required information has been received andrequest-processing conditions have been met, request management engine612 can forward appropriate request information to a resource schedulingengine 614. For a request, resource scheduling engine 614 can queryresource status data store 528 to identify access rights matchingparameters of the request.

In some instances, the request has an access-right specificity matchinga specificity at which access rights are assigned. In some instances,the request is less specific, and resource scheduling engine 614 canthen facilitate an identification of particular rights to assign. Forexample, request management engine 612 can facilitate a communicationexchange by which access right characteristics matching the request areidentified, and a user is allowed to select particular rights. Asanother example, request management engine 612 can itself select fromamongst matching access rights based on a defined criterion (e.g., bestsummed or averaged access-right ranking, pseudo-random selection, or aselection technique identified based on user input).

Upon identifying appropriately specific access rights, resourcescheduling engine 614 can update resource status data store 528 so as toplace the access right(s) on hold (e.g., while obtaining feeauthorization and/or user confirmation) and/or to change a status of theaccess right(s) to indicate that they have been assigned (e.g.,immediately, upon receiving fee authorization or upon receiving userconfirmation). Such assignment indication may associate informationabout the user (e.g., user name, device information, phone number and/oremail address) and/or assignment process (e.g., identifier of anyintermediate system and/or assignment date and time) with an identifierof the access right(s).

For individual assigned access rights, an encoding engine 616 cangenerate an access-enabling code. The access-enabling code can include,for example, an alphanumeric string, a text string, a number, a graphic,a barcode (e.g., a 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional barcode), a staticcode, a dynamic code (e.g., with a feature depending on a current time,current location or communication) and/or a technique for generating thecode (e.g., whereby part of the code may be static and part of the codemay be determined using the technique). The code may be unique acrossall access rights, all access rights for a given resource, all accessrights associated with a given location, all access rights associatedwith a given time period, all resources and/or all users. In someinstances, at least part of the code is determined based on or isthereafter associated with an identifier of a user, user deviceinformation, a resource specification and/or an access rightcharacteristic.

In various embodiments, the code may be generated prior to allocatingaccess rights (e.g., such that each of some or all allocated accessrights are associated with an access-enabling code), prior to or whileassigning one or more access right(s) responsive to a request (e.g.,such that each of some or all assigned access rights are associated withan access-enabling code), at a prescribed time, and/or when the deviceis at a defined location and/or in response to user input. The code maybe stored at or availed to a user device. In various instances, at theuser device, an access-enabling code may be provided in a manner suchthat it is visibly available for user inspection or concealed from auser. For example, an access-right document with a barcode may betransmitted to a user device, or an app on the user device can transmita request with a device identifier for a dynamic code.

Encoding engine 616 can store the access-enabling codes inaccess-enabling code data store 530. Encoding engine 616 can also oralternatively store an indication in user detail data store 524 that theaccess right(s) have been assigned to the user. It will again beappreciated that data stores 524, 526, 528, and 530 can be relationaland/or linked, such that, for example, an identification of anassignment can be used to identify one or more access rights, associatedaccess-enabling code(s) and/or resource specifications.

Resource scheduling engine 614 can facilitate one or more transmissionsof data pertaining to one or more assigned access rights to a device ofa user associated with the assignment. The data can include anindication that access rights have been assigned and/or details as towhich rights have been assigned. The data can also or alternativelyinclude access-enabling codes associated with assigned access rights.

While FIG. 6 depicts components of resource access coordinator engine516 that may be present on an access management system 485, it will beappreciated that similar or complementary engines may be present onother systems. For example, a communication engine on a user device canbe configured to display presentations identifying access rightavailability, and a request management engine on a user device can beconfigured to translate inputs into access-right requests to send to anintermediate system or access management system.

Returning to FIG. 5, code verification module 518 (e.g., at a userdevice or client device) can analyze data to determine whether anaccess-enabling code is generally valid and/or valid for a particularcircumstance. The access-enabling code can include one that is receivedat or detected by device 500. The analysis can include, for example,determining whether all or part of the access-enabling code matches onestored in access-enabling code data store 530 or part thereof, whetherthe access-enabling code has previously been applied, whether all orpart of the access-enabling code is consistent with itself or otherinformation (e.g., one or more particular resource specifications, acurrent time and/or a detected location) as determined based on aconsistency analysis and/or whether all or part of the access-enablingcode has an acceptable format.

For example, access-enabling code data store 530 can be organized in amanner such that access-enabling codes for a particular resource, date,resource group, client, etc. can be queried to determine whether anysuch access-enabling codes correspond to (e.g. match) one beingevaluated, which may indicate that the code is verified. Additionalinformation associated with the code may also or alternatively beevaluated. For example, the additional information can indicate whetherthe code is currently valid or expired (e.g., due to a previous use ofthe code).

As another example, a portion of an access-enabling code can include anidentifier of a user device or user details, and code verificationmodule 518 can determine whether the code-identified device or detailsmatches that detected as part of the evaluation. To illustrate, device500 can be a client device that electronically receives a communicationwith an access-enabling code from a user device. The communication canfurther include a device identifier that identifies, for example, thatthe user device is a particular type of smartphone. Code verificationmodule 518 can then determine whether device-identifying information inthe code is consistent with the identified type of smartphone.

As yet another example, code verification module 518 can identify a codeformat rule that specifies a format that valid codes are to have. Toillustrate, the code format rule may identify a number of elements thatare to be included in the code or a pattern that is to be present in thecode. Code verification module 518 can then determine that a code is notvalid if it does not conform to the format.

Verification of an access-enabling code can indicate that access to aresource is to be granted. Conversely, determining that a code is notverified can indicate that access to a resource is to be limited orprevented. In some instances, a presentation is generated (e.g., andpresented) that indicates whether access is to be granted and/or aresult of a verification analysis. In some instances, access grantingand/or limiting is automatically affected. For example, upon a codeverification, a user device and/or user may be automatically permittedto access a particular resource. Accessing a resource may include, forexample, using a computational resource, possessing an item, receiving aservice, entering a geographical area, and/or attending an event (e.g.,generally or at a particular location).

Verification of an access-enabling code can further trigger amodification to access-enabling code data store 530. For example, a codethat has been verified can be removed from the data store or associatedwith a new status. This modification may limit attempts to use a samecode multiple times for resource access.

A combination of modules 514, 516, 518 comprise a secure addressableendpoint agent 520 that acts as an adapter and enables cross-deviceinterfacing in a secure and reliable fashion so as to facilitateallocation of access-enabling codes and coordinate resource access.Secure addressable endpoint agent 520 can further generate a healthsignal that is transmitted to another device for monitoring of a statusof a communication channel. The health signal is optionally a shortmessage of a few bytes or many bytes in length that may be transmittedon a frequent basis (e.g., every few milliseconds or seconds). Acommunications manager 506 on the receiving device can then monitors thehealth signal provided by the agent to ensure that the communicationlink between the host server and device 500 is still operational.

In some instances, device 500 can include (or can be in communicationwith) a physical access control 532. Physical access control 532 caninclude a gating component that can be configured to provide a physicalbarrier towards accessing a resource. For example, physical accesscontrol 532 can include a turnstile or a packaging lock.

Physical access control 532 can be configured such that it can switchbetween two modes, which differ in terms of a degree to which useraccess to a resource is permitted. For example, a turnstile may have alocked mode that prevents movement of an arm of the turnstile and anunlocked mode that allows the arm to be rotated. In some instances, adefault mode is the mode that is more limiting in terms of access.

Physical access control 532 can switch its mode in response to receivingparticular results from code verification module 518. For example, uponreceiving an indication that a code has been verified, physical accesscontrol 532 can switch from a locked mode to an unlocked mode. It mayremain in the changed state for a defined period of time or until anaction or event is detected (e.g., rotation of an arm).

Device 500 can also include one or more environmental sensors 534.Measurements from the sensor can processed by one or more applicationmodules. Environmental sensor(s) 534 can include a global positioningsystem (GPS) receiver 535 that can receive signals from one or more GPSsatellites. A GPS chipset can use the signals to estimate a location ofdevice 500 (e.g., a longitude and latitude of device 500). The estimatedlocation can be used to identify a particular resource (e.g., one beingaccessed at or near the location at a current or near-term time). Theidentification of the particular resource can be used, for example, toidentify a corresponding (e.g., user-associated) access-enabling code orto evaluate an access-enabling code (e.g., to determine whether itcorresponds to a resource associated with the location).

The estimated location can further or alternatively be used to determinewhen to perform a particular function. For example, at a user device,detecting that the device is in or has entered a particular geographicalregion (e.g., is within a threshold distance from a geofence perimeteror entrance gate) can cause the device to retrieve or request anaccess-enabling code, conduct a verification analysis of the code and/ortransmit the code to a client device.

It will be appreciated that environmental sensor(s) 534 can include oneor more additional or alternative sensors aside from GPS receiver 535.For example, a location of device 500 can be estimated based on signalsreceived by another receive from different sources (e.g., base stations,client point devices or Wi Fi access points). As another example, anaccelerometer and/or gyroscope can be provided. Data from these sensorscan be used to infer when a user is attempting to present anaccess-enabling code for evaluation.

It will also be appreciated that the components and/or engines depictedin figures herein are illustrative, and a device need not include eachdepicted component and/or engine and/or can include one or moreadditional components and/or engines. For example, a device can alsoinclude a user interface, which may include a touch sensor, keyboard,display, camera and/or speakers. As another example, a device caninclude a power component, which can distribute power to components ofthe device. The power component can include a battery and/or aconnection component for connecting to a power source. As yet anotherexample, a module in the application layer can include an operatingsystem. As still another example, an application-layer control processormodule can provide message processing for messages received from anotherdevice. The message processing can include classifying the message androuting it to the appropriate module. To illustrate, the message can beclassified as a request for resource access or for an access-enablingcode, an update message or an indication that a code has been redeemedor verified. The message processing module can further convert a messageor command into a format that can interoperate with a target module.

It will further be appreciated that the components, modules and/oragents could be implemented in one or more instances of software. Thefunctionalities described herein need not be implemented in separatemodules, for example, one or more functions can be implemented in onesoftware instance and/or one software/hardware combination. Othercombinations are similarly be contemplated.

Further yet, it will be appreciated that a storage medium (e.g., usingmagnetic storage media, flash memory, other semiconductor memory (e.g.,DRAM, SRAM), or any other non-transitory storage medium, or acombination of media, and can include volatile and/or non-volatilemedia) can be used to store program code for each of one or more of thecomponents, modules and/or engines depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 and/or tostore any or all data stores depicted or described with reference toFIGS. 5 and/or 6. Any device or system disclosed herein can include aprocessing subsystem for executing the code. The processing system canbe implemented as one or more integrated circuits, e.g., one or moresingle-core or multi-core microprocessors or microcontrollers, examplesof which are known in the art.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 700 forassigning access rights for resources. Process 700 can be performed byan access management system, such as access management system 485.Process 700 begins at block 705 where resource specification engine 602identifies one or more specifications for a resource. The specificationscan include, for example, a time at which the resource is to beavailable, a location of the resource, a capacity of the resourcesand/or one or more entities (e.g., performing entities) associated withthe resource.

At block 710, resource-access allocation engine 604 allocates a set ofaccess rights for the resource. In some instances, each of at least someof the access rights corresponds to a different access parameter, suchas a different location (e.g., seat) assignment. Upon allocation, eachof some or all of the access rights may have a status as available. Asubset of the set of access rights can be immediately (or at a definedtime) assigned or reserved according to a base assignment or reservationrule (e.g., assigning particular access rights to particular entities,who may be involved in or related to provision of the resource and/orwho have requested or been assigned a set of related access rights.

At block 715, communication engine 606 transmits the resourcespecifications and data about the access rights. The transmission canoccur in one or more transmissions. The transmission can be to, forexample, one or more user devices and/or intermediate systems. In someinstances, a notification including the specifications and access-rightdata is transmitted, and in some instances, a notification can begenerated at a receiving device based on the specifications andaccess-right data. The notification can include, for example, a websitethat identifies a resource (via, at least in part, its specifications)and indicates that access rights for the resource are available forassignment. The notification can include an option to request assignmentof one or more access rights.

At block 720, request management engine 612 receives a request for oneor more access rights to be assigned to a user. The request can, forexample, identify particular access rights and/or access parameters. Therequest can include or be accompanied by other information, such asidentifying information. In some instances, the access management systemcan use at least some of such information to determine whether a fee forthe access rights has been authorized. In some instances, the request isreceived via an intermediate system that has already handled suchauthorization.

At block 725, resource scheduling engine 614 assigns the requested oneor more access rights to the user. The assignment can be conditioned onreceipt of all required information, confirmation that the accessright(s) have remained available for assignment, determining using datacorresponding to the request that a bot-detection condition is notsatisfied, fee provision and/or other defined conditions. Assignment ofthe access right(s) can include associating an identifier of each of theone or more rights with an identifier of a user and/or assignment and/orchanging a status of the access right(s) to assigned. Assignment of theaccess right(s) can result in impeding or preventing other users fromrequesting the access right(s), being assigned the access right(s)and/or being notified that the access right(s) are available forassignment. Assignment of the access right(s) can, in some instances,trigger transmission of one or more communications to, for example, oneor more intermediate systems identifying the access right(s) andindicating that they have been assigned and/or with an instruction tocease accessing the access rights.

At block 730, encoding engine 616 generates an access-enabling code foreach of the one or more access rights. The code can be generated, forexample, as part of the assignment, as part of the allocation orsubsequent to the assignment (e.g., upon detecting that a user isrequesting access to the resource). Generating an access-enabling codecan include applying a code-generation technique, such on one thatgenerates a code based on a characteristic of a user, user device,current time, access right, resource, intermediate system or othervariable. The access-enabling code can include a static code that willnot change after it has been initially generated or a dynamic code thatchanges in time (e.g., such that block 730 can be repeated at varioustime points).

At block 735, communication engine 606 transmits a confirmation of theassignment and the access-enabling code(s) in one or more transmissions.The transmission(s) may be sent to one or more devices, such as a userdevice having initiated the request from block 720, a remote server oran intermediate system having relayed the request from block 720.

FIG. 8 shows an illustration of a communication exchange betweencomponents involved in a resource management system 800 according to anembodiment of the invention. For example, mobile device A 410 can sendone or more HTTP requests to a web-server system 820, and web-serversystem 820 can respond with one or more HTTP responses that includewebpage data. The webpage data can include, for example, informationabout one or more resources, characteristics of a set of access rightsfor each of the one or more resources, availability of one or moreaccess rights, an invitation to request an assignment of one or moreaccess rights and/or indications as to what information is required foran access-right assignment. HTTP requests can include assignment-requestdata (e.g., a resource identification, requisite information, and/or anidentification of an access-right constraint or access right).

Web-server system 820 can include one or more web processors (e.g.,included in one or more server farms, which may be geographicallyseparated) to, for example, map a path component of a URL to web data(e.g., stored in a local file system or generated by a program);retrieve the web data; and/or generate a response communicationincluding the web data. Web processor can further parse communication toidentify input-corresponding data in HTTP requests, such as field valuesrequired for an access-right assignment.

Web-server system 820 can also include a load balancer to distributeprocessing tasks across multiple web processors. For example, HTTPrequests can be distributed to different web processors. Load-balancingtechniques can be configured so as, for example, to distributeprocessing across servers or server farms, decrease a number of hopsbetween a web server and user device, decrease a geographical locationbetween a user device and web server, etc.

Web-server system 820 can further include a RAID component, such as aRAID controller or card. A RAID component can be configured, forexample, to stripe data across multiple drives, distribute parity acrossdrives and/or mirror data across multiple drives. The RAID component canbe configured to improve reliability and increase request-processingspeeds.

Web-server system 820 can include one or more distributed,non-distributed, virtual, non-virtual, local and/or remote data stores.The data stores can include web data, scripts and/or content object(e.g., to be presented as part or web data).

Some HTTP requests include requests for identifications of access-rightcharacteristics and/or availability. To provide web data reflecting suchinformation, web-server system 820 can request the information fromanother server, such as an SQL system 841 (e.g., which may include oneor more servers or one or more server farms).

SQL system 841 can include one or more SQL processors (e.g., included inone or more server farms, which may be geographically separated). SQLprocessors can be configured to query, update and otherwise use one ormore relational data stores. SQL processors can be configured to execute(and, in some instances, generate) code (e.g., SQL code) to query arelational data store.

SQL system 841 can include a database engine, that includes a relationalengine, OLE database and storage engine. A relational engine canprocess, parse, compile, and/or optimize a query and/or makequery-associated calls. The relational engine can identify an OLE DB rowset that identifies the row with columns matching search criteria and/ora ranking value. A storage engine can manage data access and use therowset (e.g., to access tables and indices) to retrieve query-responsivedata from one or more relational databases.

SQL system 841 can include one or more distributed, non-distributed,virtual, non-virtual, local and/or remote relational data stores. Therelational databases can include linked data structures identifying, forexample, resource information, access-right identifications andcharacteristics, access-right statuses and/or assignments, and/or userand/or user detail data. Thus, for example, use of the relationalstructures may facilitate identifying, for a particular user, acharacteristic of an assigned access right and information about aresource associated with the access right.

One or more data structures in a relational data structure may reflectwhether particular access rights have been assigned or remain available.This data may be based on data received from a catalog system 842 thatmonitors and tracks statuses of resource access rights. Catalog system842 can include one or more catalog processors (e.g., included in one ormore server farms, which may be geographically separated). Catalogprocessors can be configured to generate status-update requestcommunications to be sent to one or more access assignment systemsand/or intermediate systems and/or to receive status-updatecommunications from one or more access assignment systems and/orintermediate systems. A status-update communication can, for example,identify an access right and/or resource and indicate an assignment ofthe access right. For example, a status-update communication canindicate that a particular access right has been assigned and is thus nolonger available. In some instances, a status-update communicationidentifies assignment details, such as a user, details and/or userdevice associated with an access-right assignment; a time that theassignment was made; and/or a parameter associated with the assignment.

In some instances, a status update is less explicit. For example, acommunication may identify an access right and/or resource and request afinal authorization of an assignment of the access right. Catalog system842 can then verify that the access right is available for assignment(e.g., and that a request-associated system or entity is authorized tocoordinate the assignment) and can transmit an affirmative response.Such a communication exchange can indicate (in some instances) that theaccess right is assigned and unavailable for other assignment.

In some instances, catalog system 842 can also be integrated with anon-intermediate access assignment system, such that it can directlydetect assignments. For example, an integrated access assignment systemcan coordinate a message exchange with a user device, can query acatalog data store to identify available access rights and canfacilitate or trigger a status-change of an access right to reflect anassignment (e.g., upon having received all required information.

Whether a result of a direct assignment detection or a status updatefrom an intermediate system, a database engine of catalog system 842 canmanage one or more data stores so as to indicate a current status ofeach of a set of access rights for a resource. The one or more datastores may further identify any assignment constraints. For example,particular access rights may be earmarked so as to only allow one ormore particular intermediate systems to trigger a change to the accessrights' status and/or to assign the access rights.

The database engine can include a digital asset management (DAM) engineto receive, transform (e.g., annotate, reformat, introduce a schema,etc.) status-update communications, and identify other data (e.g., anidentifier of an assigning system and/or a time at which a communicationwas received) to associate with a status update (e.g., an assignment).Therefore, the DAM engine can be configured to prepare storage-updatetasks so as to cause a maintained data store to reflect a recent datachange.

Further, the DAM engine can facilitate handling of data-store queries.For example, a status-request communication or authorization-requestcommunication can be processed to identify variables and/or indices touse to query a data store. A query can then be generated and/or directedto a data store based on the processing. The DAM engine can relay (e.g.,and, potentially, perform intermediate processing to) a query result toa request-associate system.

The database engine can also include a conflict engine, which can beconfigured to access and implement rules indicating how conflicts are tobe handled. For example, catalog system 842 may receive multiplerequests within a time period requesting an assignment authorization (ora hold) for a particular access right. A rule may indicate that a firstrequest is to receive priority, that a request associated with a morehighly prioritized requesting system (e.g., intermediate system) is tobe prioritized, that a request associated with a relatively high (orlow) quantity of access rights identified in the request for potentialassignment are to be prioritized, etc.

The database engine can further include a storage engine configured tomanage data access and/or data updates (e.g., modifying existing data oradding new data). The data managed by and/or accessible to the storageengine can be included in one or more data stores. The data stores caninclude, for example, distributed, non-distributed, virtual,non-virtual, local and/or remote data stores. The data stores caninclude, for example, a relational, non-relational, object, non-object,document and/or non-document data store. Part or all of a data store caninclude a shadow data store, that shadows data from another data store.Part or all of a data store can include an authoritative data store thatis (e.g., directly and/or immediately) updated with access-rightassignment changes (e.g., such that a primary or secondary accessassignment system updates the data store as part of an access-rightassignment process, rather than sending a post-hoc status-updatecommunication reflecting the assignment). In some instances, a datastore an authoritative data store identifies a status for each of a set(e.g., or all) of access rights for a given resource. Should there beany inconsistency between an authoritative data store and another datastore (e.g., at an intermediate system), resource management system 800can be configured such that the authoritative data store is controlling.

Resource management system 800 can further include a replication system843. Replication system 843 can include one or more replicationprocessors configured to identify new or modified data, to identify oneor more data stores and/or location at which to store the new ormodified data and/or to coordinate replication of the data. In someinstances, one or more of these identifications and/or coordination canbe performed using a replication rule. For example, a replication rulemay indicate that replication is to be performed in a manner biasedtowards storing replicated data at a data store geographically separatedfrom another data store storing the data.

A data duplicator can be configured to read stored data and generate oneor more write commands so as to store the data at a different datastore. A controller can manage transmitting write commands appropriatelyso as to facilitate storing replicated data at identified data stores.Further, a controller can manage data stores, such as a distributedmemory or distributed shared memory, to ensure that a currently activeset of data stores includes a target number of replications of data.

Accordingly, web-server system 820 can interact with mobile device A 410to identify available access rights and to collect information needed toassign an access right. Web-server system 820 can interact with SQLsystem 841 so as to retrieve data about particular resources and/oraccess rights so as to configure web data (e.g., via dynamic webpages orscripts) to reflect accurate or semi-accurate information and/orstatuses. SQL system 841 can use relational data stores to quicklyprovide such data. Meanwhile, catalog system 842 may manage one or morenon-relational and/or more comprehensive data stores may be tasked withmore reliably and quickly tracking access-right statuses andassignments. The tracking may include receiving status updates (e.g.,via a push or pull protocol) from one or more intermediate systemsand/or by detecting assignment updates from non-intermediate systems,such as an integrated access assignment system and/or SQL system 841.Catalog system 842 may provide condensed status updates (e.g.,reflecting a binary indication as to whether an access right isavailable) to SQL system 841 periodically, at triggered times and/or inresponse to a request from the SQL system. A replication system 843 canfurther ensure that data is replicated at multiple data stores, so as toimprove a reliability and speed of system 300.

It will be appreciated that various parts of resource management system800 can be geographically separated. For example, each of mobile deviceA 410, intermediate system 830, web-server system 820, SQL system 841,catalog system 842 and replication 843 may be located in differentgeographic locations (e.g., different cities, states or countries).

FIG. 9 illustrates example components of resource management system 100according to an embodiment of the invention. Resource management system100 may be, in part or in its entirety, in a cloud-based network. Insome embodiments, at least part of the resource management system 100 ispresent on a device, such as the mobile device A 110 and/orevent-provider device 420. For example, a client qualification engine920 (described further below) may be on mobile device A 410, and aresource request controller may be in a cloud. In some embodiments, partof a component (e.g., part of client qualification engine 920) residesin a cloud and another part of the component resides in a device, suchas mobile device A 410. Thus, resource management system 100 may includea distributed system.

In FIG. 9, intermediate system(s) 450 interfaces with the resource store970 of the resource management system 100. As such, the intermediatesystem(s) 450 may update the resource store, which is described in moredetail below, when a resource is accessed (e.g., reserved) using theintermediate system(s) 450. Further, mobile device A 410 may communicatewith one or both of the intermediate system(s) 450 and the resourcemanagement system 100 via network 455.

The resource management system 100 may include a network interface 910for connecting the resource management system 100 to network 455 andother systems (not shown). For example, the network interface 910 maytranslate system or computer data of the resource management system intonetwork signals, which are transmitted over network 455. The networksignals, which are converted from the system of computer data of theresource management system, are compatible with the network devices,thereby facilitating reliable exchange of data over network 455.Additionally, the network interface 910 may convert network signals,which are received at the network interface 910, into system or computerdata compatible with the resource management system 100.

A client qualification engine 920 determines whether or not to grantaccess to the resources to the user corresponding to the receivedrequest. In some embodiments, the client qualification engine 920 mayanalyze information contained in the request or with the request todetermine whether the user or user device (from which the receivedrequest originated) is authorized to access the resources. For example,the client qualification engine 920 may analyze the informationcontained in the request or with the request (which may include sensordata associated with the device from which the received requestoriginated) to determine whether the user device (from which thereceived request originated) is a bot user 150. As an example, if thereceived request does not contain sensor data, then the clientqualification engine 920 may determine that the user device (from whichthe received request originated) corresponds to a bot user 150. As such,in this case, the client qualification engine 920 transmits anindication to the resource request controller 940 to deny or block theuser or user device (from which the received request originated) fromaccessing the requested resources. In addition, the custom qualificationengine 920 may transmit an indication to the queue buffer 930 indicatingthat the received request (which corresponds to a bot user 150) is notto be stored in the queue buffer 930. In some embodiments, instead ofdenying or blocking access to the resources, the client qualificationengine 920 may allow the request to be stored in the queue buffer 930,however, the client qualification engine 920 may transmit an indicationto the resource request controller 940 indicating that the degree ofaccess to the resources is to be limited. The limiting of the degree ofaccess to the resources is further described in FIG. 19 below. Inaddition, when the client qualification engine 920 determines that thereceived request originated from an authorized user, then the clientqualification engine 920 transmits the request to the queue buffer 930.Exemplary embodiments of the client qualification engine 920 will bediscussed later in the present disclosure.

The queue buffer 930 may receive system or computer data from thenetwork interface 910. For example, the queue buffer 930 may receiverequests to access resources (which are transmitted by user devices,e.g., mobile device A 410), and may place the received requests in aqueue so that the requests may be processed in an organized manner.

A resource request controller 940 may communicate with the queue buffer930 and process the stored requests to access resources according to thequeue established in the queue buffer 930. The processing of the requestmay include analyzing the requests to determine which resources areassociated with the request and accessing information relating to therequested resources, which is stored in the resource store 970. Further,the resource request controller 940 may also communicate with thedetails store 950 to match the request (and identifying informationcontained in the request) with user IDs 951 and/or user profiles 952stored in the details store 950. In addition, the resource requestcontroller 940 may access information of resource opportunities relatingto one or more items of the resources stored in the resource store 970.The resource request controller 940 may use the information stored inthe resource opportunities store 960 to modify or adjust an aspect ofthe item of resource accessed from the resource store 970. For example,the resource request controller 940 may use information stored in theresource opportunities store 960 to reduce or increase a parameter of anitem of resource stored in the resource store 970. While the resourcerequest controller 940 is shown as a single component, it will beappreciated that it can nonetheless be composed of multiple separatesub-components.

The request received at the network interface 910 from mobile device A410 may require a fee prior to granting access to the resource stored inthe resource store 970. The resource request controller 940 may identifyany required fee or finalizing requirements to resource finalizingengine 980.

After requirements for the release of the resources have been completed,as determined by the resource finalizing engine 980, the resourcefinalizing engine 980 may assign the rights to the user, such that theuser can access and redeem the access rights and the access rights canno longer be assigned to other users. In addition, when the resourcerequest controller 940 receives the request to access the resources fromthe mobile device A 410, the resource finalizing engine 980 mayinitially place the item or items of resources (which correspond to thereceived request) on hold (e.g., by changing a status of the item oritems of resources in the resource store 970 from “available” or“allocated” to “hold” via the resource request controller 940).Specifically, the item or items of resources may be made unavailable foraccessing by other users for a period of time (e.g., a predefined periodof time). During that time, resource finalizing engine 980 may wait forthe user to complete the accessing (e.g., reservation) of the item oritems of resources. If the resource finalizing engine 980 indicates thataccessing has been completed during the holding period, resourcefinalizing engine 980 assigns the item or items of resources to theuser, such that the user can access the item or items of resources andother users cannot.

FIG. 10 illustrates example components of an embodiment of site system480, including connections to the access management system 485.Embodiments of site controller 1080 use network manager 1020 to connectvia access points 1010 (using e.g., WiFi 1011, Bluetooth 1012, NFC 1013,Ethernet 1014, and/or other network connections), and/or via network455, to other network components, such as the user devices. In someembodiments, site system 480 uses site controller 1080 to controlaspects of an event venue. A broad variety of venue features can becontrolled by different embodiments, including: permanent lights (e.g.,with lighting controller 1030), stage lights (e.g., with presentmentcontroller 1040), stage display screens (e.g., with stage display(s)controller 1050), permanent display screens (e.g., with permanentdisplay(s) controller 1060), and the venue sound system (e.g., with thesound system controller 1070).

FIG. 11 illustrates example components of a client qualification engine920 according to an embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, atleast part of the client qualification engine 920 is present on adevice, such as a mobile device A 410 or a mobile device B 430. In someembodiments, the client qualification engine 920 may be in a cloud-basedserver and/or may be a part of a distributed network (e.g., acrossdevices and/or the cloud). In other embodiments, the clientqualification engine 920 may be part of a centralized network on one ormore servers.

The client qualification engine 0920 may connect to the networkinterface 910. As such, the client qualification engine 920 may receivean input from the network interface 910 corresponding to a request toaccess an item or items of the resources stored in resource store 970originating from a user 405 of a mobile device A 410. The clientqualification engine 920 may include an user details engine 1105. Theuser details engine 1105 may generate, update and manage user detailsfor users. Profile information associated with various users may bestored in a user detail store 1110. The profile information can include,for example, identifying information (e.g., name, address, emailaddress, and/or phone number), preferences (e.g., preferred item types),past access details (e.g., identifying which items were previouslysecured (e.g., reserved), when the items were secured, parameters of theitems, etc.), and/or past unauthorized user test results (e.g.,identifying which unauthorized user tests were administered and when, aresponse to each of one or more tests and/or a score for each of one ormore test). In some instances, profile information includes informationabout one or more user devices, such as devices used while being loggedinto the profile (e.g. an IP address, operating system, and/or devicetype).

In some instances, a user can log into a user profile by using logininformation, and the login allows at least some user detail data to beavailed to the user and/or allows the user to reserve access rights.Thus, e.g., a user A 405 can provide a username and password, each ofwhich is stored in as profile information. When user A 405 subsequentlyenters the username and password, other information from the userprofile can be accessed and/or capabilities (e.g., to view an itemlisting or reserve an item) can be enabled. In another instance, a userprofile is accessed using a device identifier, IP address, etc. Thus,e.g., user details engine 1105 may automatically detect thischaracteristic and store it in a profile. When user 405 subsequentlyaccesses the resource management system 100 using the same device or IPaddress, the device or IP address can be matched to the appropriateprofile, and other information from the profile can be accessed and/orcapabilities can be enabled.

The client qualification engine 920 may further include an agentcharacterizer 1125, which may receive sensor data stored in the sensormeasurement store 1130. The sensor data stored in the sensor measurementstore corresponds to sensor measurements from each of one or moresensors in a user device, such as mobile device A 410 and/or mobiledevice B 430. The sensor measurements from each of one or more sensorsin the user device correspond to motion data, position data,environmental data, and other sensor data associated with user A 405and/or user B 425. For example, a sensor in the user device (e.g.,mobile device A 410 and/or mobile device B 430) may include at least anaccelerometer, gyroscope, GPS receiver, light detector, motion detector,camera, temperature sensors, microphone, force detector, capacitancescanner, optical scanner and/or touchscreen. The above described sensorsare exemplary, and thus, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.A sensor measurement may include, for example, a magnitude or intensity,direction, signal, spatial pattern, temporal pattern, spectralcharacteristic and/or detection result. Sensor data associated with userA 410 can be accessed and/or processed routinely, periodically,continuously or upon detecting a trigger. For example, sensor data maybe accessed and processed while an item-selling app is open or while auser is visiting a particular website. As another example, sensor datamay be processed upon detecting a user request to access an item.

Agent characterizer 1125 may process the data to, e.g., calculate astatistic (e.g., for each of one or more sensors), combine sensors'measurements or statistics, evaluate a condition (e.g., to determinewhether a measurement, statistic or combination value exceeds athreshold), normalize data, cluster the data (e.g., into a clusterassociated with human use or with bot use), etc. The data beingprocessed can include real-time or instantaneous data or data collectedover a defined time period (e.g., over the last 24 hours). The agentcharacter 1125 may include at least one processor to facilitate thecollecting and processing of the sensor data.

In some embodiments, agent characterizer 1125 may be configured toperform biometric processing of user A 405 and/or user B 425. Thebiometric processing may include determining whether biometric datacorresponds to human data generally (e.g., whether it is estimated thata human is present) or whether biometric data corresponds to templatedata from a particular person. For example, agent characterizer 1125 canreceive fingerprint scan data from a fingerprint scanner and determine adegree to which the scan data matches a template. As another example,agent characterizer 1125 can receive an image from a camera, detectfacial characteristics (or a face) and compare the facial characteristic(or face) to a template.

The agent characterizer 1125 can store sensor measurements and/orprocessed version thereof in a sensor measurement store 1130. The datacan be stored in association with an identifier of a profile, user, userdevice, measurement time and/or other information (e.g., identificationof an action preceding measurement collection, analysis or storage).

The agent characterizer 1125 can analyze the raw or processed sensordata to determine whether user A 405 and/or user B 425 corresponds to anauthorized user or an unauthorized user. For example, the agentcharacterizer 1125 may infer whether user A 405 is a human user (e.g., amobile phone user 110-A) or a bot user 150 by analyzing the sensor dataassociated with user A 405. Such analysis may include, for example,performing a classification and/or learning technique and/or evaluatinga condition. A user characterization result of an analysis can include abinary result (e.g., human or not) or a non-binary result (e.g., anestimated probability that a user is a bot). If the agent characterizer1125 determines that user A 405 is a human user, then the agentcharacterizer 1125 may determine that user A 405 is authorized to accessthe resources. However, if the agent characterizer 1125 determines thatuser A 405 is a bot user 150, then the agent characterizer 1125 maydetermine that user A 405 is not authorized to access the resourcesstored in the resource store 970.

In some embodiments, the analysis includes comparing sensor data (orprocessed versions thereof) to each of one or more templates and/orpatterns stored in the pattern store 1135. In some embodiments, thetemplates or patterns stored in the pattern store 1135 correspond tocriteria for evaluating whether the user operating the user device(e.g., user A 405 operating mobile device A 410) is an authorized useror an unauthorized user. For example, the user may be authorized toaccess the resources if the user is determined to be a human. Further,the user may not be authorized to access the resources if the user isdetermined to be a bot user 150. The agent characterizer 1125 may makethe determination of whether the user is authorized or unauthorized atleast in part based on the sensor data associated with the user and acomparison of the sensor data with one or more templates or patternsstored in the pattern store 1135. A template or pattern can include, forexample, a template or pattern associated with a human user, a templateor pattern associated with a user group, a template or patternassociated with a particular user, and/or a template or patternassociated with a bot user 150. The template can be developed during aninitiation process, where, for example, a presentation can request thata user position him/herself in front of a device for a picture, scan herthumb, speak a sentence, etc. The template can also or alternatively belearned based on data collected throughout usage (by one or more users),for example, of access management system 485. For example, accelerationdata collected by one or more accelerometers in a particular user device(e.g., mobile device A 410) can be used to develop a template to reflectone or more statistics such as average or minimum absolute acceleration(e.g., in a particular direction or generally) within a defined timeperiod, or an average time interval between above-threshold accelerationor an average or minimum number of movement bouts (e.g., each associatedwith above-threshold acceleration) in a defined time period. Thetemplate can also or alternatively be obtained from a data store.

In an example embodiment, template comparison includes detecting one ormore biometric features from sensor data associated with the user andcomparing a characteristic of the biometric feature to each of one ormore templates. For example, eyes can be detected in an image and aneccentricity can be identified as a characteristic. As another example,a characteristic can include a normalized power of an voice signal at aparticular frequency. In some instances, a similarity score iscalculated based on a comparison of sensor data (or a processed versionthereof) to each of multiple templates (e.g., one corresponding to ahuman and another of a “bot” or one corresponding to each of multiplehumans), and the comparison includes identifying a template with ahighest similarity score. In some instances, a similarity score iscalculated based on a comparison of sensor data (or a processed versionthereof) to a single template, and the comparison include determining ifthe similarity score exceeds a threshold.

Based on a result of the agent-characterization analysis, a virtual testengine 1120 can determine (for example) whether or not to present anunauthorized user test to the user. In some embodiments, when the agentcharacterizer 1125 determines that the user (e.g., user A 405 and/oruser B 425) is not a human and also determines that the user is not abot user 150, then the virtual test engine 1120 may present additionaltests (e.g., an unauthorized user test) to the user to determine whetherthe user is authorized or unauthorized (e.g., whether the user is ahuman or bot user 150) to access the resources. For example, theunauthorized user test can be administered upon a characterization of auser as being a bot, a determination that sensor data does notsufficiently correspond to a human or user template, or a determinationthat a probability exceeds a threshold in a particular direction.

When a test is to be administered, in some instances, virtual testengine 1120 can retrieve one or more unauthorized user tests from anunauthorized user test store 1140. The virtual test engine 1120 can usea result of the agent-characterization analysis (e.g., a resultdetermined by the agent characterizer 1125) to determine a number,selection and/or satisfying criterion. For example, more tests, moredifficult tests, more varied tests, and/or more stringent satisfyingcriterion may be used in response to results corresponding to or leaningtowards bot characterization relative to results corresponding to orleaning towards human characterization. For example, in response to ahigh bot-probability result, virtual test engine 1120 may administer avisual CAPTCHA test, an audio CAPTCHA test and a mathematics questionpresented in an image, and virtual test engine 1120 may require that atleast two of the tests be answered at least 90% correctly. Meanwhile,for a low bot-probability result, a single visual CAPTCHA test may beadministered with a requirement that it be answered at least 60%correctly.

In some embodiments, a determination as to whether any tests are to bepresented and/or an identification of a quantity of tests to present,which tests (or test types) to present and/or a test-satisfyingcriterion is also or alternatively based on other criteria aside fromsensor data. For example, stricter requirements (e.g., requiring testcompletion, presenting more tests, presenting more difficult testsand/or using harsher satisfying criteria) may be used for users with ashorter request, accessing (e.g., reserving) history. To illustrate, afirst time that a user submits a request to access the resources for anevent, a user may be required to complete one or more tests. Sensor datacan also be collected, which may be analyzed to determine testcharacteristics and/or to generate a template. Subsequently, fewer or notests may be presented (e.g., upon determining that sensor datasufficiently matches the template or regardless). As another example,stricter requirements may be used in response to requests for a largenumber of resources or for requests occurring within a defined timeperiod from a previous request (e.g., for a same event or a differentevent). As yet another example, a response received to a first test mayinfluence whether another test is presented, which test is subsequentlypresented and/or a satisfying criterion. To illustrate, if a usercorrectly answers a test, a testing process may be complete, but if auser incorrectly answers a test, a second, more difficult test may bepresented.

Virtual test engine 1120 can cause any selected unauthorized usertest(s) to be presented to the user via a user device and can receiveone or more user responses to the test(s). Virtual test engine 1120 candetermine, based on the received response(s), a testing result. Thetesting result can include an indication as to whether a satisfyingcriterion is satisfied. In some instances, this determination produces abinary result—either the criterion is satisfied, or it is not. In otherinstances, this determination produces a non-binary result. For example,the determination can include determining an overall testing score.

Agent characterizer 1125 can use the testing result to refine theanalysis inferring whether a user is authorized or unauthorized toaccess the resources (e.g., whether the user is a bot or a human). Insome embodiments, the inference is a two-part process. A first partanalyzes sensor data to determine what testing is to be administered (ifany), and a second part analyzes a test result to characterize theagent. (If no test is administered, it can be inferred that the agent isa human.) In some instances, the inference is a more combined process.For example, optionally, an initial part can analyze sensor data todetermine what testing is to be administered. A result of the testingcan then be analyzed in combination with the sensor data to inferwhether the agent is a bot. For example, a result of thecharacterization can included a weighted sum of an extent to whichprocessed sensor data matched a template and a score on an administeredtest. In some instances, testing administered even be independent ofsensor data.

Thus, through one or more of an analysis of sensor data and an analysisof testing results, agent characterizer 1125 can generate a usercharacterization result. An resource availer 1115 can use the usercharacterization result to determine what access is to be granted to auser. For example, resource availer 1115 can determine whether to allowa user to view resource details, to submit a resource query, to viewresults of a query, or to secure (e.g., reserve) resources. As anotherexample, resource availer 1115 can determine which types of resources topresent to a user as being available, responsive to a query or availablefor accessing by the user. As yet another example, resource availer 1115can determine a parameter and/or restriction to set on the item of theresources.

To illustrate, for a user characterization result indicating that theuser may be a bot, resource availer 1145 may not allow the user toaccess certain resources (e.g., rights to access the first section 240),may adjust resource parameter, may not allow access rights to beforwarded and may not allow the user to reserve or access more than apredetermined number of items of the resource.

In embodiments, the client qualification engine 920 may further includean additional criteria store 1145 which stores additional criteria fordetermining whether or not the user (e.g., user A 405) is authorized toaccess the resources. The additional criteria stored in the additionalcriteria store 1145 may or may not correspond to sensor-relatedcriteria. For example, the additional criteria may include a number oftimes the user has successfully gained access to the resources in thepast. That is, if the user is determined to be a bot user 150 based onthe sensor data associated with the user for a current analysis, theclient qualification engine 920 may access the additional criteriastored in the additional criteria store 1145 to further evaluate whetherthe user may still be a human user. If the user has successfully gainedaccess to the resources over the most recent four attempts to access theresources, the agent characterizer 1125 may determine that the user (whohas been determined to be a bot user 150) may still access theresources. In other embodiments, the agent characterizer 1125 maydetermine that the user should be presented with unauthorized user teststo further analyze if the user is a bot user 150 of a human user.

FIG. 12 illustrates example components of an agent characterizeraccording to an embodiment of the invention. The agent characterizer1125 may include at least a data comparer engine 1210, a scorecalculator 1220, a composite score controller 1230, and a thresholdvalue store 1240. Each of the data comparer engine 1210, the scorecalculator 1220, the composite score controller 1230, and the thresholdvalue store 1240 may include at least one processor.

The data comparer engine 1210 may access one or more templates orpatterns stored in the pattern store 1135. In addition, the datacomparer engine 1210 may access sensor data associated with the user(e.g., user A 405 and/or user B 425) stored in the sensor measurementstore 1130. The data comparer engine 1210 identifies at least onetemplate or pattern stored in the pattern store 1135, and then compareseach template or pattern of the identified at least one template orpattern with the accessed sensor data retrieved from the sensormeasurement store 1130. The data comparer engine 1201 may also includeat least one buffer to temporarily store the template or pattern and/orthe sensor data. For example, the data comparer engine 1210 compares thesensor data associated with the user with a first template or pattern ofthe identified template or patterns. The data comparer engine 1210individually (i.e., separately) compares the sensor data with a secondtemplate or pattern of the identified template or patterns (if a secondtemplate or pattern exists). Similarly, the data comparer engine 1210separately compares the sensor data with a third template or patter ofthe identified template or patterns (if a third template or patternexists). For example, the first template or pattern may corresponds tocriteria for evaluating whether the sensor data corresponds to a humanuser. In this case, the first template or pattern may correspond to acriteria for determining whether the sensor data is sufficientlyrandomized as would be typical if a human user were operating the userdevice. As another example, the second template may correspond to acriteria for determining whether the sensor data corresponds to sensordata typically associated with a human touching a screen of a userdevice (e.g., mobile device A 410). As another example, the thirdtemplate may correspond to a criteria for determining whether the sensordata exists or not. That is, if sensor data does not exist (i.e., ifsensor data is not transmitted or retrieved in connection with therequest to access the resources), then the agent characterizer 1125 maydetermine that the user device is a bot user 150 because bot users 150run scripts or apps that do not require user input by a human. Aftereach comparison is performed, a comparison result is generatedcorresponding to the comparison between the sensor data and theparticular template or pattern. The above discussed templates areexemplary, and thus, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

The score calculator 1220 may access the comparison results for eachcomparison (i.e., comparison of sensor data with the templates)generated by the data comparer engine 1210, and may generate a userscore for each comparison result. For example, the score calculator 1220may access a comparison result from the data comparer engine 1210 thatindicates the sensor data corresponds to a bot user 150 (e.g., thecomparison result may indicate that the sensor data did not exist inconnection with a request to access resources originating from theuser), and may generate a user score corresponding to the accessedcomparison result. For example, the user score may correspond to apercentage or likelihood that the user is a bot user 150 or a human user(e.g., mobile phone user 110-A). As such, the user score for thatparticular comparison may correspond to a low number or a high number.In some embodiments, the user score may not correspond to a number, butrather another system for evaluating a likelihood of whether the user isa bot user 150 or not. In addition, the score calculator 1220 maygenerate a user score corresponding to each comparison performed by thedata comparer engine 1210. Optionally, the score calculator 1220 maygenerate a user score corresponding to more than one comparisonperformed by the data comparer engine 1210. For example, in someembodiments, if the data comparer engine 1210 performed threecomparisons (e.g., a first comparison of the sensor data with a firsttemplate or pattern, a second comparison of the sensor data with asecond template or pattern, and a third comparison of the sensor datawith a third template or pattern), then the score calculator 1220 maygenerate three user scores, one user score corresponding to eachcomparison. In other embodiments, the score calculator 1220 may generatea user score that corresponds to more than one comparison performed bythe data comparer engine 1210.

The composite score controller 1230 may access the user scores generatedby the score calculator 1220. In addition, the composite scorecontroller 1230 may also access the additional criteria store 1145, andidentify one or more additional criteria for evaluating whether or anextent to which a user is a bot user 150 (or alternatively, whether oran extent to which a user is a human user). For example, the additionalcriteria may correspond to a number of times the user (e.g., the userwho is requesting access to the resources) has successfully gainedaccess to the resources in the recent or not recent past. In someembodiments, for example, the additional criteria may correspond to anassessment of the user's (e.g., the user who is requesting access to theresources) most recent five requests to access the resources. Theinformation corresponding to the most recent five requests to access theresources for the user may be stored in the additional criteria store1145, the details store 950, the user details engine 1105, the userdetail store 1110, and/or at another location accessible by the network455. As an example, even though the agent characterizer 1125 may havedetermined that the user (e.g., user A 405) corresponds to a bot user150 based on the analyzed sensor data, the composite score controller1230 may determine that the user successfully gained access to theresources for each attempt of the most recent five attempts. As anotherexample, the composite score controller 1230 may determine that the userhas been classified or determined as a human user for each of the mostrecent five requests to access the resources. As such, in the aboveexamples, the composite score controller generates a composite scorecorresponding to the user. In the above examples, the composite scoremay correspond to a human user, instead of a bot user 150, even thoughthe user's current sensor data may correspond to a bot user 150.

In addition, the composite score controller 1230 may generate acomposite score using the user scores calculated by the score calculator1220 and the additional criteria accessed from the additional criteriastore 1145. For example, the composite score controller may generate acomposite score using a first user score (corresponding to a firstcomparison of the sensor data with a first template or pattern), asecond user score (corresponding to a second comparison of the sensordata with a second template or pattern), and an additional criteria(accessed from the additional criteria store 1145). Further, as anexample, the first user score may indicate that the user (e.g., user A405 operating mobile device A 410) is not a human user, the second userscore may indicate that the user is a bot user 150, and the additionalcriteria may include an assessment of how many times the user has beendetermined to be a human user over the most recent five attempts toaccess the resources. Accordingly, the composite score controller 1230may generate a composite score based on the above that indicates thatthe user is a human user.

The composite score controller 1230 may determine that the generatedcomposite score corresponding to the user indicates that the user is ahuman user by accessing threshold values stored in the threshold valuestore 1240. For example, the threshold value store 1240 may store twothreshold values. The two threshold values may include a first thresholdvalue and a second threshold value. If the composite score controller1230 determines that the generated composite score is equal to or belowthe first threshold value, the composite score controller 1230 maydetermine that the generated composite score corresponds to a human user(e.g., a mobile phone user 110-A). If the composite score controller1230 determines that the generated composite score is above the firstthreshold value but equal to or below a second threshold value, thecomposite score controller 1230 may determine that further testing isrequired. In this example, if further testing is required, the user maybe presented with one or more unauthorized user tests to determinewhether the user is authorized to access the resources or not. If thecomposite score controller 1230 determines that the generated compositescore is above the first threshold value and above the second thresholdvalue, the composite score controller 1230 may determine that the useris an unauthorized user 330. If the user is determined to be anunauthorized user 330, the user is denied or blocked from accessing theresources (i.e., denied or blocked from accessing or reserving the itemor items of the resources stored in the resource store 970).

In some embodiments, for example, an additional criteria stored in theadditional criteria store 1145 may include a criteria for assessing howmany instances within the last five attempts to access the resources,the user requesting access to the resources has been determined to be abot user 150. If the most recent four attempts to access the resourceshave resulted in the user being characterized or determined as a botuser, and if on a current fifth attempt, the user has been characterizedas a human user (e.g., by the score calculator 1220), the compositescore controller 1230 may determine that the user is a bot user 150. Ifthe composite score controller 1230 determines that the user is a botuser 150, the user may be denied or blocked from accessing theresources. Optionally, in some embodiments, the user may be presentedwith difficult unauthorized user tests to determine whether the user isa bot user 150 or not.

FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate example components of exemplary user devicesaccording to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 13A illustratesan exemplary user device 1300-A. User device 1300-A may be operated by auser (e.g., user A 405 or user B 425) and, in some embodiments, maycorrespond to mobile device A 410 and/or mobile device B 430. The usermay operate user device 1300-A by inputting a request to accessresources stored in the resource store 970 of the resource managementsystem 100. The request may be inputted using a CPU, power source,and/or display 1311 of the user device 1300-A. The CPU, power source,and/or display 1311 may be located in a housing 1310 of the user device1300-A. Further, the inputted request to access resources may betransmitted over network 455 to the access management system 485 to beprocessed. For example, the inputted request to access resources may betransmitted using the transmitter/receiver 1317 and the antenna 1320. Inaddition, user device 1300-A. The user device 1300-A may include sensor#1 1314, sensor #2 1313, . . . and sensor #N 1312 (N being an integervalue greater than 2). That is, the user device 1300-A may include anynumber of sensors. The sensors 1312-1314 of the user device 1300-A maycollect and store sensor data associated with the user operating theuser device 1300-A. The sensor data collected by sensors 1312-1314 mayalso be stored in the raw sensor data storage 1315. The sensor datastored in the raw sensor data storage 1315 may be processed by thesensor data processor 1316 before being transmitted to thetransmitter/receiver 1317 and the antenna 1320. FIG. 13B illustratesanother example embodiment of the user device (e.g., mobile device A 410or mobile device B 430). In FIG. 13B, user device 1300-B is similar touser device 1300-A, however, user device 1300-B uses sensor devices1340, 1341, and 1342 to communicate with the antenna 1344 overcommunication channels 1340-1, 1341-1, and 1342-1, respectively. Thesensor devices 1340, 1341, and 1342 may include wearable technologydevices that collect and store information associated with the useroperating the user device 1300-B. In addition, user device 1300-B mayinclude a housing 1330, a CPU, power source, and/or display 1331, a rawsensor data storage 1332, a sensor data processor 1333, and atransmitter/receiver 1334. The sensor data collected by the sensors1312-1314 and/or the sensor devices 1340-1342 (associated with the useroperating the user device) may be collected and transmitted (in aprocessed or raw form) to the resource management system, where theclient qualification engine 920 determines whether the user operatingthe user device 1300-A, 1300-B is authorized to access the resourcesbased on the an analysis of the sensor data.

FIG. 14 illustrates example components of another exemplary user device1400 according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 14illustrates example components of a mobile device 1400. Mobile device1400 may be another example embodiment of the user device (e.g., userdevices 1300-A, 1300-B and mobile devices A 410, B 430). Mobile device1400 can connect to access point 445 using one or more antennas 1440,and wireless modules 1430 (e.g., WiFi 1432, Bluetooth 1434, NFC 1436and/or cellular 1438). Handheld controller 1410 can use input and outputhardware components and/or sensors to enable different embodimentsdescribed herein.

Input sensors used by mobile device 1400 described herein include,accelerometer 1422, gyroscope 1424, and light sensor 1426. Locationengine 1428 can use geolocation hardware components (e.g., wirelesssignal receivers, iBeacon, NFC, Global Positioning System (GPS), and/orother similar components). Peer monitor 1420 uses a data structure tostores and updates the location of nearby mobile devices 1400. In someembodiments, peer monitor 1420 receives information from site system 480that corresponds to the locations of other nearby mobile devices. Inembodiments, peer monitor can also use sensors to locate nearby mobiledevices 1400 (e.g., Bluetooth 1434, NFC 1436, and or other similarsensing hardware). Other input components used by some embodimentsinclude microphone 1452, camera 1450, and front-facing camera 1448,respectively controlled and/or providing capture by audio capture module1454 and camera capture module 1456. One having skill in the relevantart(s), given the description herein, will appreciate that other inputand or sensor components can be used by embodiments of mobile device1400.

Output components used by some embodiments include speaker 1458, display1460, LED 1412, and flash 1416, respectively controlled and/or relayedoutput information by, audio engine 1462, graphics engine 1464 andscreen controller 1466, LED controller 1414, and flash controller 1418.Other output components used by mobile devices 1400 include NFC 1436 andBluetooth 1434, which, beyond wireless communication capabilities canalso be used to send instructions to certain devices.

Some embodiments described herein use information collected by mobiledevice 1400 using connections to site system 480. This informationcollected (e.g., pictures, video, recorded audio, movement datacollected by gyroscope 1424 and/or accelerometer 1422, and/or othercollectable data) can be stored by mobile device 1400 in user storage1444. In addition, in some embodiments described herein, site controller1080 can control mobile device 1400 by sending control signals to thedevice, and storing information in application storage 1446 (e.g.,content to be displayed, hardware configuration instructions, triggercommands for hardware components, and/or other similar information). Insome embodiments, handheld controller 1410 uses storage controller 1442to store and retrieve information from application storage 1446 and userstorage 1444.

One having skill in the relevant art(s), given the description herein,will appreciate that other combinations of similar components can beused to provide the features of the components described above, e.g.,components described above could be replaced by components that havebeen combined into integrated components and/or components that havebeen divided into multiple components, e.g., a variation of camera 1450can include a camera capture module 1456 as an integrated unit.Additional descriptions of example components used by mobile device 1400is provided below.

FIG. 15 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1500 forusing sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized user tests.Process 1500 can be performed, for example, in part or in full at a userdevice (e.g., mobile device A 405, mobile device B 430, user devices1300-A, 1300-B, and 1400) or in the cloud.

At block 1505, a request (from a user device) to access resources storedin the resource store 970 of the resource management system 100 isdetected. At block 1510, sensor data associated with the user operatingthe user device (which originated the request) is accessed. At block1515, a determination as to whether to present unauthorized user testscan be made based on an evaluation of a sensor-based human-detectioncriterion. The criterion can, for example, include a threshold for asensor-data variable, a threshold for a template-comparison score, aclassification result, etc. The determination can be made using raw orprocessed sensor data, such as a weighted sum of sensor data,transformed sensor data, or a comparison of sensor data to templatesensor data.

As block 1535, a determination can be made as to whether a test-basedhuman-detection criterion is satisfied. The determination can be madeusing the received responses, comparing the received responses tocorrect responses, calculating a response score, comparing a responsescore to a threshold, comparing a response time to a threshold,comparing a number of test attempts to a threshold, etc. In someinstances, the determination further depends on the sensor data. Forexample, a threshold response score may be set lower for instances wheresensor data more closely resembles human usage relative to otherinstances.

When either of the conditions 1515 and/or 1535 are satisfied, process1500 can continue to block 1540, where a resource adjustment is availed.For example, block 1540 can include allowing a user to make areservation (e.g., corresponding to a particular resource listing orgenerally), allowing a user to make a reservation for a particularsubset of items corresponding to an resource listing, allowing a user tomake a reservation at an early time point (e.g., during an early-releasetime period), allowing a user to make a reservation with relatively fewrestrictions (e.g., allowing for higher reservation quantities), etc.

When the test-based human-detection is not satisfied, process 1500continues to block 1545, where resources are restricted. For example,block 1545 can include not allowing a user to make a reservation (e.g.,corresponding to a particular resource listing or generally), notallowing a user to make a reservation for a particular subset of itemscorresponding to a resource listing (e.g., high-demand items), notallowing a user to make a reservation at an early time point (e.g.,during an early-release time period), not allowing a user to make areservation at a relatively low parameter, not allowing a user to make areservation with relatively few restrictions (e.g., allowing for higherreservation quantities), etc. When the sensor-based human detectioncriterion is not satisfied at condition 1515, the process 1500 proceedsto block 1520 where an unauthorized user test among a plurality ofunauthorized user tests is selected. In some embodiments, for example,the unauthorized user test may correspond to a CAPTCHA test. At block1525, the selected unauthorized user test is presented to the user. Atblock 1530, responses to the unauthorized user test(s) are received andprocessed to determine whether the responses to the unauthorized usertest(s) satisfies the test-best human-detection criterion at condition1535.

FIGS. 16A-16C are swim lane diagrams illustrating an embodiment of aprocess for using sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorizeduser tests. FIGS. 16A-16C illustrate the various processes that mayoccur depending on a result of an analysis of the sensor data. Forexample, whether or not an unauthorized user test is presented, orwhether or not the user is granted access to the resources withouthaving to satisfy an unauthorized user test, may depend on the analysisof the sensor data (which may occur at the agent characterizer 1125, forexample). In FIG. 16A, at step 1602, the user device (e.g., mobiledevice A 410, mobile device B 430, or user devices 1300-A, 1300-B,and/or 1400) may detect sensor data obtained by the sensors (e.g.,sensors 1312-1314 and/or 1340-1342). At step 1604, the user device mayprocess the sensor data. However, in some embodiments, the sensor datamay not be processed and may be transmitted over network 455 in rawform. At step 1606, the user device transmits the sensor data to theresource management system 100 over the network 455. Since the userdevice may be a mobile device, the sensor data may be transmittedwirelessly to the network 455. At step 1608, the sensor data is receivedat the client qualification engine (e.g., client qualification engine920). At block 1610, the received sensor data is compared with one ormore templates or patterns stored in the pattern store 1135. At block1612, when the client qualification engine 920 determines that thesensor data corresponds to an authorized user (e.g., a human user, amobile phone user 110-A, etc.), then the process proceeds to block 1614,which grants the user device access to the requested resource. At block1616, when the user device is granted access to the resources to accessor reserve an item or items of the resources, the user device may accessthe resource without having to satisfy or respond to an unauthorizeduser test.

In FIG. 16B, blocks 1618 through 1626 correspond to blocks 1602 through1610 of FIG. 16A, and thus, are omitted here for the sake of brevity. Atblock 1628, the client qualification engine 920 determines thatadditional testing is required to evaluate whether the sensor datacorresponds to an authorized user. For example, in block 1628, when thecomparison of the sensor data with one or more template or patterns doesnot result in a characterization of a human or a bot user 150, thenfurther testing using unauthorized user tests may be necessary todetermine the proper characterization of the user. As such, at block1630, the user is presented with one or more unauthorized user tests. Atblock 1632, the user device receives the unauthorized user test. Atblock 1634, the user responds to the inquiries presented in theunauthorized user test. For example, the user may respond to theinquiries presented in the unauthorized user test by responding toquestions displayed on a screen of the user device, if any. At block1636, the responses provided by the user are received at the clientqualification engine 920. At block 1638, the responses received by theclient qualification engine 920 are analyzed by the client qualificationengine 920. At block 1640, it is determined that the user device isauthorized to access the resources based on the received responses. Thatis, block 1640 may correspond to condition 1535 (i.e., the test-basedhuman-detection criterion) being satisfied. At block 1642, the userdevice is granted access to the resource, and thus, may access and/orreserve items of the resources.

In FIG. 16C, blocks 1644 through 1652 correspond to blocks 1602 through1610 of FIG. 16A, and thus, are omitted here for the sake of brevity. Atblock 1654, the sensor data, which is received at the clientqualification engine 920, is determined to correspond to an unauthorizeduser 330. For example, the sensor data may correspond to a bot user 150.However, as shown in FIG. 3, unauthorized users 330 are not limited tobot users 150. Other users may also be characterized as unauthorizedusers 330. In some embodiments, the client qualification engine 920determines that sensor data does not exist in connection with therequest to access resources. A reason for the lack of sensor data may bethat the user is a bot user 150 (e.g., a server or server farm), whichmay not generate or collect sensor data, because the server or serverfarm performs scripts without the user input by a human. At block 1656,the client qualification engine 920 determines that the user is to bedenied or blocked from accessing the resources. At block 1658, the userdevice is blocked from accessing the resources stored in the resourcestore 970 of the resource management system 100.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating another embodiment of a process forusing sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized user tests.In process 1700, at block 1705, a request to access resources (therequest originating from the user device, e.g., mobile device A 410,etc.), is detected, for example, at the client qualification engine 920,or the resource management system 100. At block 1710, the sensor dataassociated with the user device is accessed. For example, in someembodiments, the sensor data may be transmitted from the user device inconnection with the transmitted request. In other embodiments, thesensor data is access from a storage, for example, sensor measurementstore 1130. At block 1715, the client qualification engine 920 maycompare the sensor data associated with the user device with one or moretemplates or patterns for evaluating whether or not the user device isauthorized to access the resources. At block 1720, a user score iscomputed for each comparison of sensor data with a template or pattern.For example, a first comparison of the sensor data with a first templateor pattern may result in a first user score, and a second comparison ofthe sensor data with a second template or pattern may result in a seconduser score. At block 1725, the client qualification engine 920 mayidentify additional criteria for evaluating whether the user device isauthorized. The additional criteria may or may not relate to sensordata. For example, the additional criteria may include how many attemptsin the past has the user has been characterized as a human, how manyattempts in the past has the user has been characterized as a bot user150, etc. At block 1730, a composite score is calculated correspondingto the user device based on the calculated user scores and identifiedadditional criteria. At block 1735, the composite score is compared toone or more threshold values.

For example, at branch 1740, it is determined whether the compositescore is equal to or less than a first threshold value. If “YES,” theprocess 1700 proceeds to block 1745, where the user device is grantedaccess to the resources in order to access or reserve an item or itemsof the resources. If “NO,” the process 1700 proceeds to branch 1750,where it is determined whether the composite score exceeds the firstthreshold and is equal to or less than the second threshold. If “YES,”the process 1700 proceeds to block 1760, where the user is presentedwith one or more unauthorized user tests. If “NO,” the process 1700proceeds to block 1755, where the user is denied or blocked fromaccessing the resources.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating yet another embodiment of a processfor using sensor data to influence the presentation of unauthorized usertests. FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of process 1800 for groupingusers (e.g., any of the various users 110, 120, 130, 140, 160, 170, and180) with a previously detected bot user 150, and blocking the groupedusers and/or presenting difficult unauthorized user tests to the groupedusers. At block 1805, a request (from a first user device) to accessresources stored in a resource store 970 of the resource managementsystem 100 may be detected. At block 1810, the sensor data associatedwith the first user device may be accessed. At block 1815, the sensordata associated with the first user device (e.g., mobile device A 410,mobile device B 430, and users devices 1300-A, 1300-B, and 1400) may bedetermined to correspond to a bot user 150. As such, the first user ischaracterized as a bot user 150 and is denied or blocked from accessingthe resources. At block 1825, a request (from second user device) toaccess resources stored in the resource store 970 of the resourcemanagement system 100 is detected. The second user device may alsocorrespond to mobile device A 410, mobile device B 430, users devices1300-A, 1300-B, and/or 1400. At block 1830, it is determined that thesecond user device is behaviorally similar to the first user device. Forexample, if the second user device is requesting access to the resourcesfrom the same geographical vicinity as the first user device, then thesecond user device is determined as being behaviorally similar to thefirst user device. As another example, if the second user device isrequesting access to the resources using the same IP address as thefirst user device, then the second user device is determined as beingbehaviorally similar to the first user device. However, the second userdevice and the first user device may be behaviorally similar even ifthey are not in the same vicinity or using the same IP address. Forexample, in some embodiments, the second user device may be determinedto be behaviorally similar to the first user device if a fee parameterassociated with the second user device is the same as a fee parameterassociated with the first user device. At block 1835, when the seconduser is determined as being behaviorally similar to the first userdevice, the second user device is determined to be unauthorized toaccess the resources. At block 1840, the second user is denied access tothe resources just as the first user was denied access. Using theprocess 1800 of FIG. 18, second user devices, which may be any of thevarious user devices 110, 120, 130, 140, 160, 170, and 180, may also bedetermined as being unauthorized to access the resources even if thesecond user device is not a bot user 150.

FIG. 19 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 300 forusing sensor data to influence presentation of resources. Process 1900can be performed, for example, in part or in full at a user device or inthe cloud. Process 1900 begins at block 1905 where a request enginedetects a request corresponding to a user and user device. The requestcan correspond to, for example, a request to view resource details andaccess or reserve resources. In some instances, the request includesvisiting a webpage or opening an app.

At block 1910, the agent characterizer 1125 accesses sensor dataassociated with the user device. The sensor data can includeinstantaneous data or historical data collected over a previous timeperiod. For example, upon receiving the request, the agent characterizer1125 can access current measurements being collected by one or moresensors or can access measurements collected over a subsequent timeperiod. As another example, agent characterizer 1125 can accessmeasurements collected previously or over a past time period. The sensordata can include data collected by each of one or more sensors.

At block 1915, the sensor data associated with the user operating theuser device is compared with one or more templates or patterns forevaluating whether the user device is authorized. At block 1920, theagent characterizer 1125 determines whether the sensor data associatedwith the user device is distinguishable from the sensor data typicallyreflecting human usage. At block 1925, agent characterizer 1125determines a degree of access to authorize based on the sensor data atblock 1920. Block 1920 can include, for example, generating a sensorstatistic based on one or more sensor data points, applying a clusteringtechnique, applying a learning technique, analyzing one or moreconditions, and/or comparing sensor data (or a processed versionthereof) to a template or template characteristic. A degree of accesscan be limited (e.g., denied, restricted with regard to quantity, onlyallowed to claim a subset of available resources, granted access at atime late relative to a time at which others are granted access, etc.)when sensor data is distinguishable from sensor data typicallyreflecting human usage and/or is similar to sensor data typicallyreflecting bot usage.

Block 1920 can include determining whether resource information is to bemade available to a user, determining which resource information is tobe made available to a user, determining whether a resource is to bemade available for claiming (e.g., reserving) by the user, and/ordetermining which resource is to be made available to a user. Forexample, if there are 1000 access rights available for an event, block1920 can include determining that, based on particular sensor data, 500of those access rights (e.g., those in lesser demand than the remaining500) are to be made available for accessing for a corresponding user.

Resource availer 1115 grants the identified degree of access at block1930. For example, a user can be granted (or denied) access to aparticular webpage or app page, a listing or graphic representingresources available to the user can be generated and availed to theuser, a transaction or reservation process can be completed (orterminated). Thus, for example, particular items (e.g., associated withparticular seating sections, colors, processing speeds, events, etc.)can be presented selectively to users with sensor data satisfying one ormore criteria.

In process 1900, resource availing can be influenced by sensor data. Itwill be appreciated that resource availing can also or alternatively beinfluenced by other types of data, such as received inputs, user detaildata, access history, etc.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating yet another embodiment of a processfor using sensor data to influence presentation of unauthorized usertests. Process 2000 can be performed, for example, in part or in full ata user device or in the cloud. Blocks 2005, 2010 and 2040 of process2000 can correspond to blocks 1905, 1910 and 1930 of process 1900.

In process 2000, sensor data can be used to influence details pertainingto administration of unauthorized user tests. For example, sensor data(and/or one or more other variables, such as user detail data and/orreservation history associated with a user or user device) can be usedto determine whether any unauthorized user tests are to be administered,a number of unauthorized user tests to administer, which tests (or testtypes) are to be administered and/or a satisfying criterion for each ofone or more individual tests or a cumulative satisfying criterion. Thus,in process 2000, sensor data can determine actions performed at one ormore of blocks 2015, 2020 and/or 2035.

At block 2015, virtual test engine 1120 can determine, based on thesensor data, whether any unauthorized user tests are to be provided.This determination can be based on, for example, determining one or morecharacteristics of the sensor data and comparing the one or morecharacteristics to corresponding one or more characteristics for each ofone or more templates (e.g., a human-usage template, a template for aparticular human user or a template for a bot). This determination canfurther be based on a statistic of the sensor data, such as a temporalvariation statistic.

When it is determined that one or more tests are to be presented, atblock 2020, virtual test engine 1120 selects one or more unauthorizeduser tests (e.g., CAPTCHA test(s)) to display on a display of the userdevice. The selection may, or may not, be based on the sensor data. Forexample, a number or identity of a test can be determined based on thesensor data (e.g., determining a degree to which it matches templatedata). In some instances, one or more test types and/or difficultylevels are identified at block 2020 (e.g., determining that amoderate-difficulty visual CAPTCHA test is to be presented along with alow-difficulty audio CAPTCHA test). In some instances, block 2020includes retrieving one or more tests from a data store. In someinstances, block 2020 includes generating one or more tests. In someinstances, selecting the one or more tests includes identifying one ormore answers for each selected test.

At block 2025, virtual test engine 1120 can cause the selectedunauthorized user test(s) to be presented at a user device. For example,the test(s) can be transmitted to a user device (e.g., if part ofprocess 2000 is performed at a cloud) or the test(s) can be presented.At block 2030, virtual test engine 1120 can receive a response for eachbot-selection test.

After determining that no unauthorized user tests are to be presented orafter receiving one or more responses to presented tests, agentcharacterizer 1125 identifies a degree of access to authorize based onthe sensor data and/or the received response(s) at block 2035. Block2035 can include analyzing the received response(s). For example, block2035 can include determining whether and/or an extent to which aresponse matches a correct response and/or whether a satisfyingcriterion for one or more responses is satisfied.

Specific details are given in the above description to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understoodthat the embodiments can be practiced without these specific details.For example, circuits can be shown in block diagrams in order not toobscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances,well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniquescan be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring theembodiments.

Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means describedabove can be done in various ways. For example, these techniques,blocks, steps and means can be implemented in hardware, software, or acombination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing unitscan be implemented within one or more application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signalprocessing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers,micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed toperform the functions described above, and/or a combination thereof.

Also, it is noted that the embodiments can be described as a processwhich is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, astructure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart can describethe operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can beperformed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of theoperations can be re-arranged. A process is terminated when itsoperations are completed, but could have additional steps not includedin the figure. A process can correspond to a method, a function, aprocedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process correspondsto a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the functionto the calling function or the main function.

Furthermore, embodiments can be implemented by hardware, software,scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardwaredescription languages, and/or any combination thereof. When implementedin software, firmware, middleware, scripting language, and/or microcode,the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks can bestored in a machine readable medium such as a storage medium. A codesegment or machine-executable instruction can represent a procedure, afunction, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, asoftware package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions,data structures, and/or program statements. A code segment can becoupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by satisfyingand/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, and/or memorycontents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. can besatisfied, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means includingmemory sharing, message satisfying, resource satisfying, networktransmission, etc.

For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies can beimplemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) thatperform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable mediumtangibly embodying instructions can be used in implementing themethodologies described herein. For example, software codes can bestored in a memory. Memory can be implemented within the processor orexternal to the processor. As used herein the term “memory” refers toany type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or otherstorage medium and is not to be limited to any particular type of memoryor number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored.

Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” can representone or more memories for storing data, including read only memory (ROM),random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic diskstorage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/orother machine readable mediums for storing information. The term“machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable orfixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels,and/or various other storage mediums capable of storing that contain orcarry instruction(s) and/or data.

While the principles of the disclosure have been described above inconnection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearlyunderstood that this description is made only by way of example and notas limitation on the scope of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for selectively conditioningpresentation of resource opportunities based on sensor data, the methodcomprising: detecting, at a resource management system, a request toaccess a ticketing system, the request having originated at a userdevice operated by a user, the user device being configured to include adisplay and a processor that communicates with at least one sensor, theat least one sensor passively detecting sensor data associated with theuser, passive detection of sensor data corresponding to detecting sensordata during operation or lack of operation of the user device by theuser, the detected sensor data being stored on the user device;receiving the sensor data stored in the user device; evaluating thereceived sensor data, the evaluation corresponding to a comparison ofthe sensor data with a pattern that is associated with one or morecharacteristics; generating an agent-characterization result based onthe evaluated sensor data, the agent-characterization result beingindicative of whether or an extent to which a characteristic of thesensor data corresponds to a human-user characteristic; determining,based on the agent-characterization result, whether an unauthorized usertest is to be displayed on the display of the user device, such that:when the agent-characterization result indicates that the sensor datacorresponds to the human-user characteristic, the unauthorized user testis determined not to be displayed on the display of the user device, andwhen the agent-characterization result indicates that the sensor datadoes not correspond to the human-user characteristic, the unauthorizeduser test is determined to be displayed on the display of the userdevice; when the unauthorized user test is determined to be displayed onthe display of the user device: displaying the unauthorized user test;receiving a response to the unauthorized user test; and processing theresponse to the unauthorized user test to determine whether a satisfyingcriterion is satisfied; when the unauthorized user test is determinednot to be displayed or the satisfying criterion is satisfied:authorizing the user operating the user device to submit requests forelectronic tickets to an event, receiving a ticket request for one ormore electronic tickets to the event, the request including at least oneaccess-right constraint used to search for an electronic ticketresponsive to the ticket request, determining, based on theagent-characterization result, a level of access to be granted to theuser, the level of access being used to determine which electronictickets are available for assignment to the user, in response todetermining the level of access: identifying a plurality of electronictickets associated with the event, determining a set of electronictickets from amongst the plurality of electronic tickets, the set ofelectronic tickets being determined based on the level of access, andeach electronic ticket of the set of electronic tickets being availablefor assignment to the user, identifying a subset of electronic ticketsfrom amongst the set of electronic tickets, the subset of electronictickets being identified using the access-right constraint included inthe ticket request, and each electronic ticket of the subset ofelectronic tickets satisfying the access-right constraint, andtransmitting a ticket result to the user device, the ticket resultidentifying the subset of electronic tickets.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the determining of whether the unauthorized user test is to bedisplayed comprises: identifying one or more unauthorized user tests tobe displayed on the display of the user device; identifying one or moretest-satisfying criteria, the identification of the one or moretest-satisfying criteria or the identification of the one or moreunauthorized user tests being based on the sensor data; displaying theone or more unauthorized user tests; receiving one or more responses tothe one or more unauthorized user tests; processing the one or moreresponses to determine whether the one or more satisfying criteria aresatisfied; and when the one or more satisfying criteria are determinedas being satisfied, authorizing an item of resource to be electronicallyaccessed via the user device.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein theidentifying of the one or more unauthorized user tests is based on thesensor data and includes determining a number of unauthorized user teststo present based on the sensor data.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: processing the one or more responses and the sensor data toidentify a degree of electronic access to authorize for the user device;and authorizing resources to be electronically accessed in accordancewith the identified degree of electronic access via the user device. 5.The method of claim 2, wherein the identifying of the one or moreunauthorized user tests is based on the sensor data and includesdetermining a level of difficulty of the unauthorized user tests todisplay based on the sensor data, the level of difficulty correspondingto a difficulty level associated with a bot user successfully satisfyingthe unauthorized user tests.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: monitoring measurements from the at least one sensor in theuser device during a period of time; and determining a templatesensor-data characteristic based on the measurements.
 7. A system forselectively conditioning presentation of resource opportunities based onsensor data, comprising: one or more data processors; and anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing instructionswhich, when executed on the one or more data processors, cause the oneor more data processors to perform operations including: detecting, at aresource management system, a request to access a ticketing system, therequest having originated at a user device operated by a user, the userdevice being configured to include a display and a processor thatcommunicates with at least one sensor, the at least one sensor passivelydetecting sensor data associated with the user, passive detection ofsensor data corresponding to detecting sensor data during operation orlack of operation of the user device by the user, the detected sensordata being stored on the user device; receiving the sensor data storedin the user device; evaluating the received sensor data, the evaluationcorresponding to a comparison of the sensor data with a pattern that isassociated with one or more characteristics; generating anagent-characterization result based on the evaluated sensor data, theagent-characterization result being indicative of whether or an extentto which a characteristic of the sensor data corresponds to a human-usercharacteristic; determining, based on the agent-characterization result,whether an unauthorized user test is to be displayed on the display ofthe user device, such that: when the agent-characterization resultindicates that the sensor data corresponds to the human-usercharacteristic, the unauthorized user test is determined not to bedisplayed on the display of the user device, and when theagent-characterization result indicates that the sensor data does notcorrespond to the human-user characteristic, the unauthorized user testis determined to be displayed on the display of the user device; whenthe unauthorized user test is determined to be displayed on the displayof the user device: displaying the unauthorized user test; receiving aresponse to the unauthorized user test; and processing the response tothe unauthorized user test to determine whether a satisfying criterionis satisfied; when the unauthorized user test is determined not to bedisplayed or the satisfying criterion is satisfied: authorizing the useroperating the user device to submit requests for electronic tickets toan event, receiving a ticket request for one or more electronic ticketsto the event, the request including at least one access-right constraintused to search for an electronic ticket responsive to the ticketrequest, determining, based on the agent-characterization result, alevel of access to be granted to the user, the level of access beingused to determine which electronic tickets are available for assignmentto the user, in response to determining the level of access: identifyinga plurality of electronic tickets associated with the event, determininga set of electronic tickets from amongst the plurality of electronictickets, the set of electronic tickets being determined based on thelevel of access, and each electronic ticket of the set of electronictickets being available for assignment to the user, identifying a subsetof electronic tickets from amongst the set of electronic tickets, thesubset of electronic tickets being identified using the access-rightconstraint included in the ticket request, and each electronic ticket ofthe subset of electronic tickets satisfying the access-right constraint,and transmitting a ticket result to the user device, the ticket resultidentifying the subset of electronic tickets.
 8. The system forselectively conditioning presentation of resource opportunities based onsensor data as recited in claim 7, wherein the determining of whetherthe unauthorized user test is to be displayed comprises: identifying oneor more unauthorized user tests to be displayed on the display of theuser device; identifying one or more test-satisfying criteria, theidentification of the one or more test-satisfying criteria or theidentification of the one or more unauthorized user tests being based onthe sensor data; displaying the one or more unauthorized user tests;receiving one or more responses to the one or more unauthorized usertests; processing the one or more responses to determine whether the oneor more satisfying criteria are satisfied; and when the one or moresatisfying criteria are determined as being satisfied, authorizing anitem of resource to be electronically accessed via the user device. 9.The system for selectively conditioning presentation of resourceopportunities based on sensor data as recited in claim 8, wherein theidentifying of the one or more unauthorized user tests is based on thesensor data and includes determining a number of unauthorized user teststo present based on the sensor data.
 10. The system for selectivelyconditioning presentation of resource opportunities based on sensor dataas recited in claim 7, wherein the operations further comprise:processing the one or more responses and the sensor data to identify adegree of electronic access to authorize for the user device; andauthorizing resources to be electronically accessed in accordance withthe identified degree of electronic access via the user device.
 11. Thesystem for selectively conditioning presentation of resourceopportunities based on sensor data as recited in claim 8, wherein theidentifying of the one or more unauthorized user tests is based on thesensor data and includes determining a level of difficulty of theunauthorized user tests to display based on the sensor data, the levelof difficulty corresponding to a difficulty level associated with a botuser successfully satisfying the unauthorized user tests.
 12. The systemfor selectively conditioning presentation of resource opportunitiesbased on sensor data as recited in claim 7, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: monitoring measurements from the at least one sensorin the user device during a period of time; and determining a templatesensor-data characteristic based on the measurements.
 13. Acomputer-program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium, including instructions configured tocause a data processing apparatus to perform operations including:detecting, at a resource management system, a request to access aticketing system, the request having originated at a user deviceoperated by a user, the user device being configured to include adisplay and a processor that communicates with at least one sensor, theat least one sensor passively detecting sensor data associated with theuser, passive detection of sensor data corresponding to detecting sensordata during operation or lack of operation of the user device by theuser, the detected sensor data being stored on the user device;receiving the sensor data stored in the user device; evaluating thereceived sensor data, the evaluation corresponding to a comparison ofthe sensor data with a pattern that is associated with one or morecharacteristics; generating an agent-characterization result based onthe evaluated sensor data, the agent-characterization result beingindicative of whether or an extent to which a characteristic of thesensor data corresponds to a human-user characteristic; determining,based on the agent-characterization result, whether an unauthorized usertest is to be displayed on the display of the user device, such that:when the agent-characterization result indicates that the sensor datacorresponds to the human-user characteristic, the unauthorized user testis determined not to be displayed on the display of the user device, andwhen the agent-characterization result indicates that the sensor datadoes not correspond to the human-user characteristic, the unauthorizeduser test is determined to be displayed on the display of the userdevice; when the unauthorized user test is determined to be displayed onthe display of the user device: displaying the unauthorized user test;receiving a response to the unauthorized user test; and processing theresponse to the unauthorized user test to determine whether a satisfyingcriterion is satisfied; when the unauthorized user test is determinednot to be displayed or the satisfying criterion is satisfied:authorizing the user operating the user device to submit requests forelectronic tickets to an event, receiving a ticket request for one ormore electronic tickets to the event, the request including at least oneaccess-right constraint used to search for an electronic ticketresponsive to the ticket request, determining, based on theagent-characterization result, a level of access to be granted to theuser, the level of access being used to determine which electronictickets are available for assignment to the user, in response todetermining the level of access: identifying a plurality of electronictickets associated with the event, determining a set of electronictickets from amongst the plurality of electronic tickets, the set ofelectronic tickets being determined based on the level of access, andeach electronic ticket of the set of electronic tickets being availablefor assignment to the user, identifying a subset of electronic ticketsfrom amongst the set of electronic tickets, the subset of electronictickets being identified using the access-right constraint included inthe ticket request, and each electronic ticket of the subset ofelectronic tickets satisfying the access-right constraint, andtransmitting a ticket result to the user device, the ticket resultidentifying the subset of electronic tickets.
 14. The computer-programproduct of claim 13, wherein the determining of whether the unauthorizeduser test is to be displayed comprises: identifying one or moreunauthorized user tests to be displayed on the display of the userdevice; identifying one or more test-satisfying criteria, theidentification of the one or more test-satisfying criteria or theidentification of the one or more unauthorized user tests being based onthe sensor data; displaying the one or more unauthorized user tests;receiving one or more responses to the one or more unauthorized usertests; processing the one or more responses to determine whether the oneor more satisfying criteria are satisfied; and when the one or moresatisfying criteria are determined as being satisfied, authorizing anitem of resource to be electronically accessed via the user device. 15.The computer-program product of claim 14, wherein the identifying of theone or more unauthorized user tests is based on the sensor data andincludes determining a number of unauthorized user tests to presentbased on the sensor data.
 16. The computer-program product of claim 13,wherein the operations further comprise: processing the one or moreresponses and the sensor data to identify a degree of electronic accessto authorize for the user device; and authorizing resources to beelectronically accessed in accordance with the identified degree ofelectronic access via the user device.
 17. The computer-program productof claim 14, wherein the identifying of the one or more unauthorizeduser tests is based on the sensor data and includes determining a levelof difficulty of the unauthorized user tests to display based on thesensor data, the level of difficulty corresponding to a difficulty levelassociated with a bot user successfully satisfying the unauthorized usertests.
 18. The computer-program product of claim 13, wherein theoperations further comprise: monitoring measurements from the at leastone sensor in the user device during a period of time; and determining atemplate sensor-data characteristic based on the measurements.